Triple burden on women in science : A cross-cultural analysis
Triple burden on women in science : A cross-cultural analysis
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科学界女性的三重负担：跨文化分析
作者：
N. Gupta;Carol Kemelgor;S. Fuchs;H. Etzkowitz
科学宣扬自我吹嘘的“普遍主义”理想，在判断科学主张时不考虑个人或社会属性。然而，在实际实践中，科学一直是男性的领域，其社会结构迄今为止由男性主导和调节，在其中，女性发现自己不受欢迎。这在科学实践中造成了隐藏的障碍。尽管这些障碍的形式多种多样，但工作环境中的压力源存在于不同的文化中。在这里，我们认为科学的社会组织和性别角色期望在印度、德国和美国的不同文化中造成了共同的障碍。科学实践的组织环境反映了科学规范与科学实践之间的矛盾，并产生了一种压力，我们称之为第一负担。第二种负担是大多数职业中妇女的共同负担，即承担不平等的家庭责任。女性在科学领域还背负着第三个负担，那就是努力解决社会资本不足和相对被排除在强大网络之外的问题。这些负担之间的相互作用导致了“焦虑过剩”。这里还讨论了对三重负担的反应和可能的减轻。
Science professes the self-acclaimed ideal of 'universalism' and an irrelevance of personal or social attributes in judging scientific claims. However, in actual practice, science has been a male domain, and has a social structure dominated and hitherto regulated by men, in which, women find themselves unwelcome. This creates hidden barriers in the practice of science. Although these barriers take various forms, stressors in the work environment are found in widely different cultures. Here we argue that social organization of science and gender-role expectations create common barriers in diverse cultures of India, Germany and the US. The organizational environment in which science is practised reflects a contradiction between the norms and practice of science and induces a stress, which we call the first burden. The second burden is common to women in most professions, that of managing unequal domestic responsibilities. There is a third burden carried by women in science, that of grappling with a deficit of social capital and relative exclusion from strong networks. The interaction among these burdens induces a 'surplus of anxiety'. The responses to and possible alleviation of a triple burden have also been discussed here.