Culture and the evolution of human cooperation
Culture and the evolution of human cooperation
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2009.0134
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发表时间：
2009-11-12
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Richerson, Peter J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Boyd, Robert;Richerson, Peter J.
人类合作的规模是一个进化之谜。所有现有的证据都表明，我们上新世祖先的社会与其他群居灵长类动物的社会相似，这意味着人类的心理已经发生了变化，以支持现代人类特征的更大、更合作的社会。在本文中，我们认为文化适应是这些变化的关键因素。在过去的一百万年左右的时间里，人们进化出了相互学习的能力，创造了积累文化进化的可能性。快速的文化适应也导致了当地社会群体之间的持续差异，然后群体之间的竞争导致了增强其竞争能力的行为的传播。然后，在这种文化进化的合作社会环境中，群体内的自然选择倾向于产生新的、更亲社会动机的基因。由惩罚和奖励系统所执行的道德体系提高了在这种环境中表现良好的个体的繁殖成功率，这反过来又导致了其他动机的进化，如同理心和羞耻等社会情感。
The scale of human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. All of the available evidence suggests that the societies of our Pliocene ancestors were like those of other social primates, and this means that human psychology has changed in ways that support larger, more cooperative societies that characterize modern humans. In this paper, we argue that cultural adaptation is a key factor in these changes. Over the last million years or so, people evolved the ability to learn from each other, creating the possibility of cumulative, cultural evolution. Rapid cultural adaptation also leads to persistent differences between local social groups, and then competition between groups leads to the spread of behaviours that enhance their competitive ability. Then, in such culturally evolved cooperative social environments, natural selection within groups favoured genes that gave rise to new, more pro-social motives. Moral systems enforced by systems of sanctions and rewards increased the reproductive success of individuals who functioned well in such environments, and this in turn led to the evolution of other regarding motives like empathy and social emotions like shame.