Pruning or tuning? Maturational profiles of face specialization during typical development.
Pruning or tuning? Maturational profiles of face specialization during typical development.
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DOI：
10.1002/brb3.464
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发表时间：
2016-06
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Joseph JE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zhu X;Bhatt RS;Joseph JE
随着年龄的增长，面部加工经历了显著的发展变化。本研究考察了两种面孔专门化的发展变化：专门化成熟，即一个区域对面孔的持续调整，而对其他类别的调整变化不大；以及竞争性的相互作用，或者持续的对面孔的调整伴随着对非面孔的调整的减少（即修剪）。利用功能磁共振成像技术，在成年人表现出面部偏好的区域，计算了年龄较小的儿童（5-8岁）、年龄较大的儿童（9-12岁）和成年人（18-45岁）的面部和物体专业化指数。专业化指数被缩放到每个受试者在每个区域的最大激活幅度，以控制激活水平的总体年龄差异。尽管在较年轻的年龄组中没有明显的面孔专门化，但与社会认知密切相关的区域（如右后颞上沟、右下眶皮层）显示出专门化的成熟，其中面孔的调谐随着年龄的增长而增加，但非面孔反应没有减少。相反，与更基本的知觉加工或运动镜像相关的区域（右侧颞中皮层、右侧枕下皮层、右侧额下眼皮层）则表现出竞争性相互作用，其中，随着年龄的增长，对面孔的调整伴随着对物体反应的修剪。总体研究结果表明，面部处理的皮层成熟是区域特异性的，涉及对面部的调整增加和对非面部的反应减少。表现出竞争性相互作用的区域可能支持一种更普遍的功能，这种功能在面部发育过程中被同化，而表现出专业化成熟的区域则可能以一种活动依赖、经验驱动的方式增加对面部的调节。
Face processing undergoes significant developmental change with age. Two kinds of developmental changes in face specialization were examined in this study: specialized maturation, or the continued tuning of a region to faces but little change in the tuning to other categories; and competitive interactions, or the continued tuning to faces accompanied by decreased tuning to nonfaces (i.e., pruning). Using fMRI, in regions where adults showed a face preference, a face‐ and object‐specialization index were computed for younger children (5–8 years), older children (9–12 years) and adults (18–45 years). The specialization index was scaled to each subject's maximum activation magnitude in each region to control for overall age differences in the activation level. Although no regions showed significant face specialization in the younger age group, regions strongly associated with social cognition (e.g., right posterior superior temporal sulcus, right inferior orbital cortex) showed specialized maturation, in which tuning to faces increased with age but there was no pruning of nonface responses. Conversely, regions that are associated with more basic perceptual processing or motor mirroring (right middle temporal cortex, right inferior occipital cortex, right inferior frontal opercular cortex) showed competitive interactions in which tuning to faces was accompanied by pruning of object responses with age. The overall findings suggest that cortical maturation for face processing is regional‐specific and involves both increased tuning to faces and diminished response to nonfaces. Regions that show competitive interactions likely support a more generalized function that is co‐opted for face processing with development, whereas regions that show specialized maturation increase their tuning to faces, potentially in an activity‐dependent, experience‐driven manner.