Quotation, demonstration, and attraction in sign language role shift
Quotation, demonstration, and attraction in sign language role shift
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手语角色转换中的引用、示范、吸引
作者：
E. Maier
手语研究者已经投入了大量的精力来研究角色转换，这是一种报告某人所说、所做、所想或所做的方式。通常，角色转换的特点是一种直接引用，涉及身体或眼睛的目光从当前的收件人转移，并允许签署者“从被报道的说话者的角度”签署。然而，在形式语义学中，随着Schlenker（2003）的“为怪物辩护”在口语中的成功，人们很快就接受了角色转换是一种可见的语境转换的观点（Zucchi 2004; Quer 2005，2011; Herrmann &施泰因巴赫2012）。角色转换不是引用的一种形式，而是操作上下文参数（或上下文变量）的操作符的实现，其操作方式是使其作用域中的索引接受转换的解释。近年来，Schlenker一直在强调角色转换的简单怪物方法的一些缺点。首先，在加泰罗尼亚语和德语手语中，违反了Anand（2006）关于上下文转移的假定通用SHIFTTTOGETHER约束：单个角色转移子句中的多个“可转移”索引可以彼此独立地转移或不转移（Quer 2005; Herrmann &施泰因巴赫2007）。此外，角色转换似乎是相当不透明的，在这个意义上，省略，NPI许可和跨角色转换边界的wh提取没有（一致）许可。为了说明，如果玛丽用灿烂的微笑报告约翰的话语，则她的灿烂的微笑被解释为标志性表示-
Sign language researchers have devoted a lot of attention to role shift, a way of reporting what someone said, signed, thought or did. Typically, role shift is characterized as a kind of direct quotation, involving a shift of the body or eye gaze away from the current addressee, and allowing the signer to sign “from the perspective of the reported speaker.” i.e. depicting the reported (utterance) event by re-enacting it. In formal semantics, however, following the success of Schlenker’s (2003) “Plea for Monsters” in spoken languages, the received view has quickly become that role shift is a kind of visible context shift (Zucchi 2004; Quer 2005, 2011; Herrmann & Steinbach 2012). Role shift is not a form of quotation but the realization of an operator that manipulates context parameters (or context variables) in such a way that indexicals in its scope receive a shifted interpretation. In recent years, Schlenker has been emphasizing some of the shortcomings of the simple monster approach for role shift. First, in Catalan and German sign languages, Anand’s (2006) putative universal SHIFTTOGETHER constraint on context shifting is violated: multiple “shiftable” indexicals within a single role-shifted clause can be shifted or unshifted independently of each other (Quer 2005; Herrmann & Steinbach 2007). Moreover, role shift appears to be quite opaque, in the sense that ellipsis, NPI licensing and wh-extraction across the role shift boundaries are not (consistently) licensed.1 Finally, role shift tends to be interpreted “maximally iconically.” To illustrate, if Mary reports an utterance of John with a big smile, her big smile is interpreted as an iconic representation – a