Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids
Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/42.3.517
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发表时间：
2002-06-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Barton, BA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barton, BA
物理、化学和感知应激都能引起鱼类的非特异性反应，这些反应被认为是适应性的，使鱼类能够科普干扰并维持其稳态。如果压力过于严重或持续时间过长，以至于鱼无法恢复体内平衡，那么反应本身可能会变得适应不良，并威胁到鱼的健康和福祉。对压力的生理反应分为初级和次级两类，前者包括内分泌变化，如循环中的儿茶酚胺和皮质类固醇的可测量水平，后者包括与代谢、水矿物质平衡以及心血管、呼吸和免疫功能相关的特征变化。在某些情况下，内分泌反应直接导致这些次级反应，导致血液成分（包括代谢物和主要离子）浓度的变化，以及在细胞水平上导致热休克或应激蛋白的表达。三级或整个动物的性能变化，如在生长，抗病性和行为，可能会导致从初级和次级的反应，并可能影响survivoris.Fishes显示在他们的生理反应的压力，这是很明显的血浆皮质类固醇的变化，主要是皮质醇的放线菌鱼类，发生后的压力事件。在急性扰动后的第一个小时内，循环皮质醇的特征性升高在物种和遗传史之间可以变化两个数量级以上，这似乎是种间变异的主要原因。评价的影响因素的幅度，持续时间和恢复皮质醇和其他生理变化引起的压力在鱼类是重要的实验数据的正确解释和设计有效的生物监测方案。
Physical, chemical and perceived stressors can all evoke non-specific responses in fish, which are considered adaptive to enable the fish to cope with the disturbance and maintain its homeostatic state. If the stressor is overly severe or long-lasting to the point that the fish is not capable of regaining homeostasis, then the responses themselves may become maladaptive and threaten the fish's health and well-being. Physiological responses to stress are grouped as primary, which include endocrine changes such as in measurable levels of circulating catecholamines and corticosteroids, and secondary, which include changes in features related to metabolism, hydromineral balance, and cardiovascular, respiratory and immune functions. In some instances, the endocrine responses are directly responsible for these secondary responses resulting in changes in concentration of blood constituents, including metabolites and major ions, and, at the cellular level, the expression of heat-shock or stress proteins. Tertiary or whole-animal changes in performance, such as in growth, disease resistance and behavior, can result from the primary and secondary responses and possibly affect survivorship.Fishes display a wide variation in their physiological responses to stress, which is clearly evident in the plasma corticosteroid changes, chiefly cortisol in actinopterygian fishes, that occur following a stressful event. The characteristic elevation in circulating cortisol during the first hour after an acute disturbance can vary by more than two orders of magnitude among species and genetic history appears to account for much of this interspecific variation. An appreciation of the factors that affect the magnitude, duration and recovery of cortisol and other physiological changes caused by stress in fishes is important for proper interpretation of experimental data and design of effective biological monitoring programs.