Biogenesis of and activities at the Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole membrane.
Biogenesis of and activities at the Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole membrane.
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弓形虫寄生液泡膜的生物发生和活性。
DOI：
10.1007/978-0-387-78267-6_12
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发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Sinai,AnthonyP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sinai,AnthonyP
顶复门寄生虫如刚地弓形虫利用帕拉编码的运动系统侵入细胞。侵入导致在受感染细胞内建立寄生虫空泡（PV）。大多数顶复虫在PV中的受感染细胞内完成其细胞内任期，PV通过寄生虫空泡膜（PVM）与宿主细胞质区分开。在这一章中，我专注于周围的事件PVM的形成和选择活动归因于它。它的核心作用之间的接口寄生虫和它的直接环境，宿主细胞质，是由功能的多样性归因于它验证。虽然功能的结构组织，营养收购和信号转导已被定义，其分子基础仍然在很大程度上是未知的。最近的几项研究和弓形虫基因组的解码为我们对PVM在寄生虫生物学中的作用的理解奠定了基础。这个寄生虫家族利用它们自己的基于肌动蛋白-肌球蛋白的运动系统进入易感细胞1，在某些情况下短暂地（例如，特化的空泡隔室，寄生空泡（PV）中的泰勒虫spp 2）。T。gondiiPV是限定寄生虫的复制许可生态位的高度动态区室。3限定寄生虫空泡的定界膜、寄生虫空泡膜或PVM越来越多地被认为是一种特化的“细胞器”，在感染细胞的情况下，该细胞器在母体生物体（寄生虫）的体外。对这种神秘细胞器的系统研究受到几个问题的严重限制。其中最主要的是它仅在感染细胞的环境中形成，从而限制了材料的量。其次，与通常可以通过常规方法纯化的其他细胞器不同，PVM不能从宿主细胞器中纯化出来4（见下文）。尽管存在这些重大障碍，但近年来在理解PVM的生物起源、鉴定其蛋白质补体和表征其活性方面取得了相当大的进展。这些研究表明，PVM本身以及凭借其与细胞组分的相互作用，在液泡的结构完整性中起着关键作用，营养获取和细胞功能的操纵。3，5此外，PVM的所有活动似乎可能是可塑的，反映了与寄生虫生长的复制阶段相关的时间变化。5最后，PVM很可能形成囊壁的基础，因为寄生虫在潜伏感染的建立中分化。6作为寄生虫和入侵细胞之间的关键边界，PVM的研究为新的研究提供了一个肥沃的领域，弓形虫基因组的解码（可在www.example.com上获得wwww.ToxoDB.org）和蛋白质组分析在寄生虫生物学基本问题中的应用7 -9。
Apicomplexan parasites likeToxoplasma gondiiare distinctive in their utilization of para site encoded motor systems to invade cells. Invasion results in the establishment of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within the infected cell. Most apicomplexans complete their intracellular tenure within the infected cell in the PV that is demarcated from the host cytoplasm by the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). In this chapter I focus on the events surrounding the formation of the PVM and selected activities attributed to it. Its central role as the interface between the parasite and its immediate environment, the host cytoplasm, is validated by the diversity of functions attributed to it. While functions in structural organization, nutrient acquisitions and signaling have been defined their molecular bases remain largely unknown. Several recent studies and the decoding of theToxoplasmagenome have set the stage for a rapid expansion in our understanding of the role of the PVM in parasite biology.Toxoplasma gondii, like all apicomplexan parasites are obligate intracellular pathogens. This family of parasites utilize their own actin-myosin based motor systems to gain entry into susceptible cells1 establishing themselves, in some cases transiently (e.g.,Theileria spp2) in specialized vacuolar compartment, the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). TheT. gondiiPV is highly dynamic compartment defining the replication permissive niche for the parasite.3 The delimiting membrane defining the parasitophorous vacuole, the parasitophorous vacuole membrane or PVM is increasingly being recognized as a specialized “organelle” that in the context of the infected cell is extracorporeal to the parent organism, the parasite. A systematic study of this enigmatic organelle has been severely limited by several issues. Primary among these is the fact that it is formed only in the context of the infected cell thereby limiting the amount of material. Secondly, unlike other cellular organelles that can often be purified by conventional approaches, the PVM, cannot be purified away from host cell organelles4 (see below). In spite of these significant obstacles considerable progress has been made in recent years toward understanding the biogenesis of the PVM, identification of its protein complement and the characterization of activities within it. These studies demonstrate that the PVM, on its own and by virtue of its interactions with cellular components, plays critical functions in the structural integrity of the vacuole, nutrient acquisition and the manipulation of cellular functions.3,5 In addition it appears that the repertoire of activities at the PVM is likely to be plastic reflecting temporal changes associated with the replicative phase of parasite growth.5 Finally, the PVM likely forms the foundation for the cyst wall as the parasite differentiates in the establishment of latent infection.6 As the critical border crossing between the parasite and invaded cell the study of the PVM provides a fertile area for new investigation aided by the recent decoding of theToxoplasmagenome (available at wwww.ToxoDB.org) and the application of proteomic analyses7–9 to basic questions in parasite biology.