Hired helpers at the nest: The association between life-cycle servants and net fertility in North Orkney, 1851-1911.
Hired helpers at the nest: The association between life-cycle servants and net fertility in North Orkney, 1851-1911.
复制标题
在巢穴中雇用的帮手：1851-1911 年北奥克尼群岛生命周期仆人与净生育率之间的关系。
DOI：
10.1002/ajpa.24040
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Jennings,JuliaA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jennings,JuliaA
目的亲属的存在通常但不总是与历史人口中较高的生育率有关。然而，其他家庭成员对生育率的影响的研究较少。虽然没有遗传关系，但生命周期仆人与家庭成员一起生活和工作，可能为生育家庭提供了援助。女仆尤其可以通过直接帮助育儿活动或取代工作与育儿不相称的母亲的经济努力来帮助有年幼子女的母亲。材料与方法本研究使用苏格兰北奥克尼(1851-1911)的个人水平的人口普查数据，利用Logistic回归模型，调查了家庭中仆人的存在与最近婚姻净生育率的一项指标--5岁以下妇女自己的孩子的数量--之间的关系。结果在控制了其他可能的帮手的影响后，有年幼子女的家庭更有可能有女性，而不是男性这些发现与之前的研究一致，这些研究表明女性劳动力对小农家庭的重要性，并表明女仆可能为生育家庭提供了支持。生命周期仆人应该被认为是历史上西北欧生物文化再生产的一个组成部分。雇佣帮手的使用并不局限于当代或精英群体。
ObjectivesThe presence of kin is often, but not always, associated with higher fertility in historical populations. However, the effect of other household members on fertility is less frequently studied. While not genetically related, life‐cycle servants lived and worked alongside household members and may have provided assistance to reproducing families. Female servants in particular may have helped mothers with small children through direct help with childcare activities or by replacing the economic effort of mothers whose work was not compatible with childcare. This study examines the presence of servants in the households of married women of reproductive age to assess whether households with young children are more likely to also have servants.Materials and methodsThis study uses individual‐level census data from North Orkney, Scotland (1851–1911) to investigate the relationship between the presence of servants in households and a measure of recent net marital fertility, the number of women's own‐children under age 5, using logistic regression models.ResultsHouseholds with young children were more likely to have a female, but not male, servant in the household after controlling for the effects of other possible helpers, including older children, mothers, and mothers‐in‐law.DiscussionThese findings are consistent with prior research that indicates the importance of female labor to smallholder agricultural households and suggests that female servants may have provided support to reproducing families. Life‐cycle servants should be considered one component of biocultural reproduction in historical Northwest Europe. The use of hired help is not restricted to contemporary or elite groups.