Outbreaks associated with recreational water in the United States
Outbreaks associated with recreational water in the United States
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DOI：
10.1080/09603120500155716
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发表时间：
2005-08-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Craun, MF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Craun, GF;Calderon, RL;Craun, MF
在这篇文章中，我们回顾了1971 - 2000年期间与娱乐用水相关的爆发原因。在四分之三的暴发中确定了细菌或原生动物病因; 23%的暴发病因不明。最常见的病原体是隐孢子虫（15%）、假单胞菌（14%）、志贺菌（13%）、奈格菌（11%）、贾第虫（6%）和产肠杆菌。大肠杆菌（6%）。志贺氏菌、E.大肠杆菌O 157：H7和耐格里属主要与在淡水沃茨如湖泊、池塘和河流中游泳有关。相比之下，隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫引起的疫情主要与游泳池和浅水池中的处理水有关。经处理和未经处理的娱乐沃茨的重要污染源是游泳者本身。污水排放和野生或家养动物造成的污染也是未经处理的沃茨的重要来源。游泳池疫情爆发的促成因素是对维护、操作、消毒和过滤的重视不够。虽然并非所有的水传播疾病暴发都得到承认或报告，但国家对这些疾病暴发的监测有助于确定娱乐沃茨的重要污染源和病原体。这些信息可能会影响预防建议和研究重点，从而可能导致改善水质的指导方针。
In this article, we review the causes of outbreaks associated with recreational water during 1971 - 2000. A bacterial or protozoan etiology was identified in three-quarters of the outbreaks; 23% of the outbreaks were of undetermined etiology. The most frequently identified agents were Cryptosporidium (15%), Pseudomonas (14%), Shigella (13%), Naegleria (11%), Giardia (6%), and toxigenic E. coli ( 6%). Outbreaks attributed to Shigella, E. coli O157: H7, and Naegleria were primarily associated with swimming in fresh waters such as lakes, ponds, and rivers. In contrast, outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia were primarily associated with treated water in swimming and wading pools. Important sources of contamination for both treated and untreated recreational waters were the bathers themselves. Contamination from sewage discharges and wild or domestic animals were also important sources for untreated waters. Contributing factors in swimming-pool outbreaks were inadequate attention to maintenance, operation, disinfection, and filtration. Although not all waterborne outbreaks are recognized nor reported, the national surveillance of these outbreaks has helped identify important sources of contamination of recreational waters and the etiologic agents. This information can affect prevention recommendations and research priorities that may lead to improved water quality guidelines.