Decadal shifts in autumn migration timing by Pacific Arctic beluga whales are related to delayed annual sea ice formation
Decadal shifts in autumn migration timing by Pacific Arctic beluga whales are related to delayed annual sea ice formation
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DOI：
10.1111/gcb.13564
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发表时间：
2017-06-01
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Richard, Pierre R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hauser, Donna D. W.;Laidre, Kristin L.;Richard, Pierre R.
移徙往往受到季节性环境梯度的影响，而气候变化正日益改变这种梯度。北极海冰迅速变化的后果有可能影响到一些海洋物种的迁徙，这些物种的迁徙时间与季节性海冰覆盖相匹配。这个主题还没有被调查的太平洋北极白鲸（Delphinapterus leucas），遵循母系保持秋季迁移在阿拉斯加和俄罗斯周围的沃茨。对于同域东楚科奇海（“楚科奇”）和东博福特海（“博福特”）白鲸种群，我们研究了秋季迁移时间的变化，自20世纪90年代以来，延迟区域海冰冻结，使用两个独立的数据源（卫星遥测数据和被动声学）的人口。我们比较了“早期”（1993-2002年）和“晚期”（2004-2012年）标记期间的迁移日期。在标记后期，楚科奇白鲸从博福特海和楚科奇海的迁移明显延迟（根据位置，延迟2至>4周）。空间分析还显示，离开博福特海觅食地区的楚科奇鲸推迟在后期。楚科奇白鲸秋季迁移的时间发生显着推迟区域海冰冻结的时间变得更晚，在博福特，楚科奇和白令海。相比之下，博福特白鲸并没有改变迁移时间之间的时期，也没有迁移时间相关的冻结时间，除了向南迁移在白令海峡。2008年至2014年的被动声学数据为楚科奇白鲸从博福特海（4天/年（-1））的延迟迁移提供了独立和补充的支持。在这里，我们报告了第一个物候学研究，研究白鲸在其迅速变化的太平洋北极生态系统的背景下的迁徙，提出了灵活的反应，可能使他们的持久性，但也复杂的预测如何白鲸可能在未来的票价。
Migrations are often influenced by seasonal environmental gradients that are increasingly being altered by climate change. The consequences of rapid changes in Arctic sea ice have the potential to affect migrations of a number of marine species whose timing is temporally matched to seasonal sea ice cover. This topic has not been investigated for Pacific Arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) that follow matrilineally maintained autumn migrations in the waters around Alaska and Russia. For the sympatric Eastern Chukchi Sea ('Chukchi') and Eastern Beaufort Sea ('Beaufort') beluga populations, we examined changes in autumn migration timing as related to delayed regional sea ice freeze-up since the 1990s, using two independent data sources (satellite telemetry data and passive acoustics) for both populations. We compared dates of migration between 'early' (1993-2002) and 'late' (2004-2012) tagging periods. During the late tagging period, Chukchi belugas had significantly delayed migrations (by 2 to >4 weeks, depending on location) from the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Spatial analyses also revealed that departure from Beaufort Sea foraging regions by Chukchi whales was postponed in the late period. Chukchi beluga autumn migration timing occurred significantly later as regional sea ice freeze-up timing became later in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering seas. In contrast, Beaufort belugas did not shift migration timing between periods, nor was migration timing related to freeze-up timing, other than for southward migration at the Bering Strait. Passive acoustic data from 2008 to 2014 provided independent and supplementary support for delayed migration from the Beaufort Sea (4 day yr(-1)) by Chukchi belugas. Here, we report the first phenological study examining beluga whale migrations within the context of their rapidly transforming Pacific Arctic ecosystem, suggesting flexible responses that may enable their persistence yet also complicate predictions of how belugas may fare in the future.