Green chemistry for organic solar cells
Green chemistry for organic solar cells
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DOI：
10.1039/c3ee41096j
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发表时间：
2013-07-01
影响因子：
32.5
通讯作者：
Lipomi, Darren J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Burke, Daniel J.;Lipomi, Darren J.
基本上所有的能源生产方法，例如：例如，水力压裂、筑坝、钻井、核裂变和开采用于光伏发电的稀有元素，这些都与一定程度的环境退化有关。有机太阳能电池（OSCs）被认为是低成本和潜在的环保能源。π共轭（半导体）聚合物——OSCs中负责吸收光和传输电荷的成分——通常不能在实验室中以低环境影响的方式合成。本文讨论了利用绿色化学生产共轭聚合物的策略。也就是说，低能量强度的反应方法，产生的有毒废物最少，而且成本低。本文简要回顾了与实验室规模制造OSCs相关的能源强度和碳排放的主要文献发现，并确定了社会上发明的几种策略和材料，以降低设备组件的成本和环境影响。应用于共轭聚合物合成的绿色化学原理被确定为这些材料的多吨制造的重要指导方针。绿色化学和工艺研究的一个普遍主题是，当处理废物的成本很高时，低成本可以与环境无害相关联。本展望随后强调了满足绿色化学若干标准的五种合成策略：(1)利用金属介导的交叉偶联反应进行聚合，减少或消除化学计量有机锡废物；(2)使用多相催化聚合；(3)涉及C-H键活化的聚合；(4)生物原料衍生原料的使用；(5)缩聚反应产生水作为副产物。
Essentially all methods of energy production-e.g., fracking, damming, drilling, nuclear fission, and excavation of rare elements for photovoltaics-are associated with some degree of environmental degradation. Organic solar cells (OSCs) are regarded as low-cost and potentially environmentally benign sources of power. pi-Conjugated (semiconducting) polymers-the components of OSCs responsible for absorbing light and transporting charge-are not typically synthesized in laboratories in ways that are amenable to manufacturing with low environmental impact. This article discusses strategies for producing conjugated polymers using green chemistry. That is, reaction methodology with low energy intensity, with minimal production of toxic waste, and at low cost. This article briefly reviews the major findings in the literature on the energy intensity and carbon emissions associated with fabricating OSCs on the laboratory scale, and identifies several strategies and materials invented by the community to lower the cost and environmental impact of the components of the devices. The principles of green chemistry, applied to the synthesis of conjugated polymers, are identified as important guidelines for the multi-tonne manufacturing of these materials. A general theme in both green chemistry and process research is that low cost can be correlated to environmental benignity when the costs of disposing wastes are high. This Perspective then highlights five synthetic strategies that satisfy several of the criteria of green chemistry: (1) polymerization using metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions that reduce or eliminate stoichiometric organotin waste; (2) the use of heterogeneously catalyzed polymerizations; (3) polymerization involving activation of C-H bonds; (4) use of biofeedstock-derived starting materials; and (5) polycondensation reactions that evolve water as a byproduct.