Special treatment of prediction errors in autism spectrum disorder.
Special treatment of prediction errors in autism spectrum disorder.
复制标题
自闭症谱系障碍预测错误的特殊治疗。
DOI：
10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108070
复制
发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Todorova GK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Todorova GK
对于自闭症患者来说，感官刺激可能会让人不知所措。预测编码的模型假设，大脑皮层机制会消除可预测的信息，并放大超过定义精度水平的预测错误。在自闭症中，神经元处理根据HIPPEA理论（自闭症预测误差的高，不灵活的精度）对预测误差进行了相当高的精度。我们使用了一个明显的运动范例来测试这个预测。在表观运动范例中，对象的虚幻运动创建关于内部生成的标记将沿着表观运动轨迹移动的位置和时间的预测。这种错觉有助于感知与视在运动标记一起及时出现的闪烁刺激（目标），并且被感知为可预测的事件（可预测的目标）。相比之下，与明显的运动错觉不同步出现的闪光刺激是一种不可预测的目标，即使它产生预测误差信号，也很少被检测到。如果预测误差不超过给定的精度阈值，则刺激事件被忽略，因此比可预测的令牌更不经常被检测到。在自闭症中，精确阈值较低，相同的预测错误（不可预测的目标）触发了类似于可预测的闪光刺激的检测。为了验证这一假设，我们招募了11名自闭症男性和9名神经典型匹配的对照。参与者的任务是检测闪烁的刺激放置在一个明显的运动轨迹无论是在时间或时间外的明显的运动错觉。描述性地，66%（6/9）的神经型和64%（7/11）的自闭症参与者在检测可预测的目标方面更好。由虚幻运动建立的预测似乎可以帮助自闭症患者和神经型患者同样检测可预测的不可预测的目标。重要的是，55%（6/11）的自闭症参与者对不可预测的目标有更快的反应，而只有22%（2/9）的神经正常人对不可预测的目标比可预测的目标有更快的反应。因此，这些初步结果表明，对于自闭症参与者来说，不可预测的目标会产生高于阈值的预测误差，从而导致更快的反应。这种不可预测的目标检测的差异可以被封装在HIPPEA理论下，这表明自闭症个体的精确设置可能会因预测错误而异常。这些初步结果应根据小样本加以考虑。因此，我们提供了复制和扩展结果所需的全套材料。
For autistic individuals, sensory stimulation can be experienced as overwhelming. Models of predictive coding postulate that cortical mechanisms disamplify predictable information and amplify prediction errors that surpass a defined precision level. In autism, the neuronal processing is putting an inflexibly high precision on prediction errors according to the HIPPEA theory (High, Inflexible Precision of Prediction Errors in Autism). We used an apparent motion paradigm to test this prediction. In apparent motion paradigms, the illusory motion of an object creates a prediction about where and when an internally generated token would be moving along the apparent motion trace. This illusion facilitates the perception of a flashing stimulus (target) appearing in-time with the apparent motion token and is perceived as a predictable event (predictable target). In contrast, a flashing stimulus appearing out-of-time with the apparent motion illusion is an unpredictable target that is less often detected even though it produces a prediction error signal. If a prediction error does not surpass a given precision threshold the stimulation event is discounted and therefore less often detected than predictable tokens. In autism, the precision threshold is lower and the same prediction errors (unpredictable target) triggers a detection similar to that of a predictable flash stimulus. To test this hypothesis, we recruited 11 autistic males and 9 neurotypical matched controls. The participants were tasked to detect flashing stimuli placed on an apparent motion trace either in-time or out-of-time with the apparent motion illusion. Descriptively, 66% (6/9) of neurotypical and 64% (7/11) of autistic participants were better at detecting predictable targets. The prediction established by illusory motion appears to assist autistic and neurotypical individuals equally in the detection of predictable over unpredictable targets. Importantly, 55% (6/11) of autistic participants had faster responses for unpredictable targets, whereas only 22% (2/9) of neurotypicals had faster responses to unpredictable compared to predictable targets. Hence, these tentative results suggest that for autistic participants, unpredictable targets produce an above threshold prediction error, which leads to faster response. This difference in unpredictable target detection can be encapsulated under the HIPPEA theory, suggesting that precision setting could be aberrant in autistic individuals with respect to prediction errors. These tentative results should be considered in light of the small sample. For this reason, we provide the full set of materials necessary to replicate and extend the results.