Russian Doll Genes and Complex Chromosome Rearrangements in Oxytricha trifallax.

Russian Doll Genes and Complex Chromosome Rearrangements in Oxytricha trifallax.
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DOI:
10.1534/g3.118.200176
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发表时间:
2018-05-04
期刊:
G3 (Bethesda, Md.)
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Jonoska N
Jonoska N
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Braun J;Nabergall L;Neme R;Landweber LF;Saito M;Jonoska N

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纤毛虫的每个细胞有两种不同类型的细胞核,一种作为体细胞转录活性核(大核;缩写 MAC),另一种作为种系核(微核;缩写 MIC)。此外,三毛尖毛虫在有性交配和子细胞合子后发育过程中经历了广泛的基因组重排。这些重排是必要的,因为相对于相应的 MAC 基因座,前体 MIC 基因座通常是片段化和杂乱的。这种基因组架构对加密的 MIC 位点具有显着的耐受性,因为 MAC 发育过程中 RNA 引导的过程会以正确的顺序重新组织基因片段,以类似于亲本 MAC 序列。在这里,我们描述了三毛尖毛虫中几个嵌套且高度混乱的基因的种系组织。这些包括具有多层嵌套的情况,以及似乎偏离先前描述的模式的高度交错或缠结的前体基因座。我们提出了测量前体 MIC 位点之间嵌套程度的数学方法,并重新审视了一种对扰乱进行数学描述的方法。将这些方法应用于 O. trifallax 的染色体重排图谱后,我们描述了具有多达五层嵌入基因的嵌套排列的情况,以及 O. trifallax 中最混乱的基因座。
Ciliates have two different types of nuclei per cell, with one acting as a somatic, transcriptionally active nucleus (macronucleus; abbr. MAC) and another serving as a germline nucleus (micronucleus; abbr. MIC). Furthermore, Oxytricha trifallax undergoes extensive genome rearrangements during sexual conjugation and post-zygotic development of daughter cells. These rearrangements are necessary because the precursor MIC loci are often both fragmented and scrambled, with respect to the corresponding MAC loci. Such genome architectures are remarkably tolerant of encrypted MIC loci, because RNA-guided processes during MAC development reorganize the gene fragments in the correct order to resemble the parental MAC sequence. Here, we describe the germline organization of several nested and highly scrambled genes in Oxytricha trifallax. These include cases with multiple layers of nesting, plus highly interleaved or tangled precursor loci that appear to deviate from previously described patterns. We present mathematical methods to measure the degree of nesting between precursor MIC loci, and revisit a method for a mathematical description of scrambling. After applying these methods to the chromosome rearrangement maps of O. trifallax we describe cases of nested arrangements with up to five layers of embedded genes, as well as the most scrambled loci in O. trifallax.
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