Trends of phosphate fertilizer demand and phosphate balance in farmland soils in Japan
Trends of phosphate fertilizer demand and phosphate balance in farmland soils in Japan
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日本磷肥需求及农田土壤磷平衡变化趋势
DOI：
10.1080/00380768.2003.10409977
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发表时间：
2003
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Tsunehisa Inoue
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Mishima;S. Itahashi;Ryosuke Kimura;Tsunehisa Inoue
摘要 分析了 1966 年至 1999 年磷酸盐 (P) 需求趋势，估算了 1997 年农田磷流量，并评估了日本环境破坏的风险。每单位农田面积的化学磷肥需求量从 1966 年的 106 kg ha−1 增加到 1970 年代末的 152 kg ha−1，然后在 80 年代中期之后下降 143 kg ha−1，到 1999 年的 117 kg ha−1。这一趋势反映了 20 世纪 70 年代之前使用大量投入来提高土壤肥力的建议，以及自 20 世纪 70 年代以来生产成本降低的建议。 20 世纪 90 年代。 1997年，日本农田土壤施磷量是作物吸收量的6.3倍。据估计，从农田流出的磷仅占施用磷的 0.6%。大部分施用的磷仍留在农田土壤中。农田土壤中的磷增加了洪水和地表径流造成富营养化的风险。施用的磷的 76% 是以化肥的形式存在的。果园、坚果田、蔬菜田、经济作物田化肥施用量高于水田。剩余的磷在果树、坚果田和园艺田中产生了高利用率的磷。牲畜粪便中的磷含量相当于化学磷肥施用量的一半。 1997年，三分之一的牲畜排泄物没有得到利用，这是与农业相关的环境负荷的主要来源。因此，畜禽粪便的推广和替代利用对于减轻环境负荷具有重要意义，而畜禽粪便区域分布不均则加大了这一目标的实现难度。使用化学磷肥和粪肥维持最佳土壤肥力对于节省有限的磷资源和确保较低的环境风险非常重要。
Abstract We analyzed the trends in phosphate (P) demand from 1966 to 1999, estimated the P flow in farmland in 1997, and evaluated the risk of environmental damage in Japan. Chemical P fertilizer demand per unit farmland area increased from 106 kg ha−1 in 1966 to 152 kg ha−1 at the end of the 1970s, then decreased 143 kg ha−1 after the mid 1980s to 117 kg ha−1 in 1999. This trend reflected recommendations on the use of large inputs to increase soil fertility until the 1970s, and the reduction of production costs since the 1990s. In 1997, the amount of P applied to farmland soils in Japan was 6.3 times higher than crop uptake. Outflow from farmland was estimated to account for only 0.6% of the applied P. Most of the applied P remained in farmland soil. P in farmland soils increased the risk of eutrophication by flooding and surface run off. Seventy six percent of applied P was in the form of chemical fertilizer. Chemical fertilizer was applied at a higher rate to fruit and nut fields, vegetable fields, and industrial crop fields than to paddy fields. The remaining P resulted in a high availability P in fruit and nut fields and horticultural fields. The amount of P in livestock excreta corresponded to half of the amount of chemical P fertilizer applied. One-third of the livestock excreta was not utilized in 1997, which was the main source of environmental load associated with agriculture. Therefore, promotion and alternative use of livestock excreta are important to reduce the environmental load, while uneven regional distribution of livestock excreta makes it more to achieve this objective difficult. Maintenance of optimal soil fertility by using chemical P fertilizer and manure is important for saving limited P resources and for securing a low environmental risk.