Description and evaluation of the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (NMMB-MONARCH) version 1.0: gas-phase chemistry at global scale
Description and evaluation of the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (NMMB-MONARCH) version 1.0: gas-phase chemistry at global scale
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DOI：
10.5194/gmd-10-609-2017
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发表时间：
2017-02-10
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Janjic, Zavisa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Badia, Alba;Jorba, Oriol;Janjic, Zavisa
本文介绍了多尺度在线非流体静力大气化学模式（NMMB- monarch）对流层气相化学成分的综合描述和基准评估，该模式以前称为NMMB/BSC-CTM，可在区域和全球范围内运行。在这里，我们使用各种背景地面站（EMEP， WDCGG和CASTNET），臭氧探测器（WOUDC， CMD和shadowz），飞机数据（MOZAIC和几个运动）和卫星观测（SCIAMACHY和MOPITT）对全球年周期模拟进行了广泛的评估。我们还将我们的结果与其他最先进的模型进行了广泛的讨论。我们注意到，在本研究中，我们忽略了气溶胶过程和一些自然排放（闪电和火山排放）。该模型显示了全球范围内真实的氧化能力。CO的季节循环在不同地点得到了很好的体现（地表浓度的相关系数约为0.3-0.7），尽管北半球春季和冬季的浓度被低估了，而南半球全年800和500 hPa的浓度被高估了。氮的种类在几乎所有地点都有很好的代表，特别是在欧洲的NO2（均方根误差- RMSE -低于5 ppb）。模拟的NOx和HNO3垂直分布与观测值吻合良好，对流层NO2柱的空间和季节趋势与SCIAMACHY观测值吻合良好，捕获了全年高污染地区和生物质燃烧循环。在亚洲，该模型低估了3月至8月的氮氧化物排放量，可能是由于低估了该地区的氮氧化物排放量。总的来说，将模拟的CO和NO2与MOPITT和SCIAMACHY观测值进行比较，强调需要更精确的人为和生物质燃烧源排放率（即时间变率的说明）。由此产生的臭氧（O-3）负荷（348 Tg）在其他最先进的全球大气化学模型的范围内。该模式总体上反映了背景地面O-3的空间和季节变化趋势及其垂直分布。然而，该模式在若干站点中倾向于高估整个对流层的O-3。这可能是由于对南半球CO浓度的过高估计导致O-3的过量产生，或由于缺乏特定的化学方法（如卤素化学、气溶胶化学）。总体而言，每日平均值的O-3相关性在0.6和0.8之间。NMMB-MONARCH的整体性能可与其他最先进的全球化学模型相媲美。
This paper presents a comprehensive description and benchmark evaluation of the tropospheric gas-phase chemistry component of the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (NMMB-MONARCH), formerly known as NMMB/BSC-CTM, that can be run on both regional and global domains. Here, we provide an extensive evaluation of a global annual cycle simulation using a variety of background surface stations (EMEP, WDCGG and CASTNET), ozonesondes (WOUDC, CMD and SHADOZ), aircraft data (MOZAIC and several campaigns), and satellite observations (SCIAMACHY and MOPITT). We also include an extensive discussion of our results in comparison to other state-of-the-art models. We note that in this study, we omitted aerosol processes and some natural emissions (lightning and volcano emissions).The model shows a realistic oxidative capacity across the globe. The seasonal cycle for CO is fairly well represented at different locations (correlations around 0.3-0.7 in surface concentrations), although concentrations are underestimated in spring and winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and are overestimated throughout the year at 800 and 500 hPa in the Southern Hemisphere.Nitrogen species are well represented in almost all locations, particularly NO2 in Europe (root mean square error - RMSE - below 5 ppb). The modeled vertical distributions of NOx and HNO3 are in excellent agreement with the observed values and the spatial and seasonal trends of tropospheric NO2 columns correspond well to observations from SCIAMACHY, capturing the highly polluted areas and the biomass burning cycle throughout the year. Over Asia, the model underestimates NOx from March to August, probably due to an underestimation of NOx emissions in the region. Overall, the comparison of the modeled CO and NO2 with MOPITT and SCIAMACHY observations emphasizes the need for more accurate emission rates from anthropogenic and biomass burning sources (i.e., specification of temporal variability).The resulting ozone (O-3) burden (348 Tg) lies within the range of other state-of-the-art global atmospheric chemistry models. The model generally captures the spatial and seasonal trends of background surface O-3 and its vertical distribution. However, the model tends to overestimate O-3 throughout the troposphere in several stations. This may be attributed to an overestimation of CO concentration over the Southern Hemisphere leading to an excessive production of O-3 or to the lack of specific chemistry (e.g., halogen chemistry, aerosol chemistry). Overall, O-3 correlations range between 0.6 and 0.8 for daily mean values. The overall performance of the NMMB-MONARCH is comparable to that of other state-of-the-art global chemistry models.