Climate change and developing-country cities: implications for environmental health and equity.
Climate change and developing-country cities: implications for environmental health and equity.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11524-007-9170-x
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发表时间：
2007-05
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Corvalan, Carlos
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid;Corvalan, Carlos
气候变化正在对全球公共卫生构成新的威胁。这也是非常不公平的，因为最大的风险是对最贫穷的人口，他们对温室气体(GHG)排放的贡献最小。较贫穷国家的经济快速发展和同时的城市化意味着发展中国家的城市既容易受到气候变化对健康的危害，同时也是造成这一问题的一个日益严重的因素。我们审查了发展中国家城市人口的具体健康脆弱性，并强调了集中在城市地区的能源政策对健康产生的巨大直接影响。常见的脆弱性因素包括沿海位置、暴露于城市热岛效应、室外和室内空气污染水平高、人口密度高以及卫生条件差。通过与交通系统、城市规划、建筑法规和家庭能源供应相关的政策，显然存在同时改善健康和减少温室气体排放的机会。这些因素影响到当前一些最大的全球健康负担，包括每年约80万人死于城市周围的空气污染，120万人死于道路交通事故，190万人死于缺乏运动，150万人死于室内空气污染。发展中国家城市的温室气体排放和健康保护可能在政策制定中日益突出。卫生部门需要更积极的投入，以确保发展和卫生政策有助于采取预防性办法，促进地方和全球环境可持续性、城市人口健康和卫生公平。
Climate change is an emerging threat to global public health. It is also highly inequitable, as the greatest risks are to the poorest populations, who have contributed least to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The rapid economic development and the concurrent urbanization of poorer countries mean that developing-country cities will be both vulnerable to health hazards from climate change and, simultaneously, an increasing contributor to the problem. We review the specific health vulnerabilities of urban populations in developing countries and highlight the range of large direct health effects of energy policies that are concentrated in urban areas. Common vulnerability factors include coastal location, exposure to the urban heat-island effect, high levels of outdoor and indoor air pollution, high population density, and poor sanitation. There are clear opportunities for simultaneously improving health and cutting GHG emissions most obviously through policies related to transport systems, urban planning, building regulations and household energy supply. These influence some of the largest current global health burdens, including approximately 800,000 annual deaths from ambient urban air pollution, 1.2 million from road-traffic accidents, 1.9 million from physical inactivity, and 1.5 million per year from indoor air pollution. GHG emissions and health protection in developing-country cities are likely to become increasingly prominent in policy development. There is a need for a more active input from the health sector to ensure that development and health policies contribute to a preventive approach to local and global environmental sustainability, urban population health, and health equity.