PARENT OFFSPRING RELATIONSHIPS IN WINTERING BARNACLE GEESE
PARENT OFFSPRING RELATIONSHIPS IN WINTERING BARNACLE GEESE
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DOI：
10.1016/0003-3472(89)90109-7
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发表时间：
1989-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
OWEN, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BLACK, JM;OWEN, M
为了发现它们之间的关联可能带来的成本和收益，对父母鹅，Branta leucopsis和它们的后代之间的关系进行了监测。与无幼鸟相比，父母用于觅食的时间在秋冬两季受到限制，此时父母用于警戒和攻击的时间显着增加。家庭雏鹅喂养没有中断较长的时间在秋季，是受害者的攻击较少，并增长肥胖比独立的雏鹅。当鹅在春天迁移到繁殖地时，超过60%的小鹅是独立的。独立的年轻人的出现与父母对他们的攻击频率和兄弟姐妹间的攻击。然而，大多数父母在9-10个月后仍然与至少一些孩子交往。繁殖经验越多的鸟与后代联系越久。保持与后代的联系并没有减少父母存活到下一年或繁殖的机会。事实上，与幼鸟在一起的时间最长的鸟，在第二年的繁殖比那些父母照顾时间较短的鸟更成功。有人建议，延长协会与小鹅可能会增加父母的机会，在未来的繁殖由于“贡献者”的小鹅留在家庭的影响。这些小鹅花更多的时间保持警惕和排斥邻居，使父母能够增加喂养时间。
The relationship between parent geese, Branta leucopsis, and their offspring was monitored in order to discover some of the possible costs and benefits resulting from their association. Compared with birds without young the amount of time parents devoted to feeding was restricted in autumn and winter when they spent significantly more time being vigilant and aggressive. Family goslings fed without interruption for longer periods in autumn, were victims of attacks less often and grew fatter than unattached goslings. By the time the geese migrated to the breeding grounds in spring over 60% of goslings were unattached. The appearance of unattached young was related to the frequency of parental attacks on them and to inter-sibling aggression. However, the majority of parents were still associating with at least some of their brood after 9-10 months. Birds with more breeding experience associated with offspring for longer. Maintaining association with offspring did not reduce a parent''s chances of surviving to, or breeding in, the following year. In fact, birds that remained with young for the longest period bred more successfully the next year than those with shorter periods of parental care. It is suggested that extended association with goslings may increase a parent''s chances of breeding in the future due to the ''contributor'' effect of the goslings that stayed in the family. Such goslings spend more time being vigilant and repelling neighbours which enables parents to increase their feeding time.