Transport phenomena governing nicotine emissions from electronic cigarettes: Model formulation and experimental investigation
Transport phenomena governing nicotine emissions from electronic cigarettes: Model formulation and experimental investigation
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DOI：
10.1080/02786826.2016.1257853
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发表时间：
2017-01-01
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Shihadeh, Alan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Talih, Soha;Balhas, Zainab;Shihadeh, Alan
电子香烟（ECIG）电加热并雾化含有丙二醇（PG）、植物甘油（VG）、香料、水和尼古丁的液体。ECIG效应和拟议的调节方法是有争议的。一个监管焦点涉及尼古丁排放。我们描述了一个预测ECIG尼古丁排放的数学模型。该模型通过数值求解非稳态组分和能量守恒方程来计算单个组分的蒸发速率。为了验证模型预测，在100种条件下操纵抽吸形貌、电功率和液体成分的同时测量尼古丁、总颗粒物、PG和VG的产率。尼古丁通量，即单位时间内尼古丁释放的速率，是主要结果。在各种条件下，测量的和计算的尼古丁通量高度相关（r = 0.85，p < .0001）。正如预测的那样，装置功率、尼古丁浓度、PG/VG比率和抽吸持续时间影响尼古丁通量（p <0.05），而含水量和抽吸速度则不影响。额外的经验研究表明，PG/VG液体作为理想的解决方案，液体蒸发占ECIG气溶胶质量排放量的95%以上，并且随着装置功率的增加，气溶胶成分向母液中挥发性较低的组分转移。在ECIG法规关注尼古丁排放的程度上，像这样的数学模型可用于预测ECIG尼古丁排放，并测试影响尼古丁通量的因素的拟议法规的效果。
Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) electrically heat and aerosolize a liquid-containing propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), flavorants, water, and nicotine. ECIG effects and proposed methods to regulate them are controversial. One regulatory focal point involves nicotine emissions. We describe a mathematical model that predicts ECIG nicotine emissions. The model computes the vaporization rate of individual species by numerically solving the unsteady species and energy conservation equations. To validate model predictions, yields of nicotine, total particulate matter, PG, and VG were measured while manipulating puff topography, electrical power, and liquid composition across 100 conditions. Nicotine flux, the rate at which nicotine is emitted per unit time, was the primary outcome. Across conditions, the measured and computed nicotine flux were highly correlated (r = 0.85, p < .0001). As predicted, device power, nicotine concentration, PG/VG ratio, and puff duration influenced nicotine flux (p < .05), while water content and puff velocity did not. Additional empirical investigation revealed that PG/VG liquids act as ideal solutions, that liquid vaporization accounts for more than 95% of ECIG aerosol mass emissions, and that as device power increases the aerosol composition shifts towards the less volatile components of the parent liquid. To the extent that ECIG regulations focus on nicotine emissions, mathematical models like this one can be used to predict ECIG nicotine emissions and to test the effects of proposed regulation of factors that influence nicotine flux.