Road salt is more toxic to wood frog embryos from polluted ponds
Road salt is more toxic to wood frog embryos from polluted ponds
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118757
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发表时间：
2022-03-01
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Brady, Steven P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Forgione, Mia E.;Brady, Steven P.
依赖道路景观中水生栖息地的生物面临着越来越多的污染后果，特别是由于淡水盐碱化。至关重要的是，这些后果可能因人口而异，这取决于暴露历史和进化反应。先前使用移植和普通花园实验的研究发现，来自路边种群的水生阶段林蛙（Rana sylvatica）在野外的适应性较差，对道路盐的敏感性高于远离道路的林地种群。虽然这种模式与局部适应不良是一致的，但对这些影响的时间和持续时间的未解决的见解留下了在发展过程中抵消负面结果的可能性。在这里，我们问路边林蛙的生存劣势是否是特定的阶段，以及这种劣势是否在变态前逆转。我们使用了一个共同的花园道路盐暴露实验和基于现场的相互移植实验，以研究生存的差异，在整个生活史阶段和人口类型。在每一个实验的情况下，路边胚胎表现出相对于林地胚胎的生存劣势，这种劣势并没有扭转之前的变态。我们还发现，盐暴露延迟变态更强烈的路边比林地种群。总之，这些结果表明，本地适应不良的水生阶段的林蛙是由胚胎对盐的敏感性和路边种群进一步损害延迟发育率。未来的研究应该考虑哪些胚胎性状不能适应盐毒性，以及这些性状如何与陆地性状变异相关。
Organisms that rely on aquatic habitats in roaded landscapes face a growing array of consequences from pollution, especially due to freshwater salinization. Critically, these consequences can vary from population to population depending on exposure histories and evolutionary responses. Prior studies using transplant and common garden experiments have found that aquatic-stage wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from roadside populations are less fit in the wild and more sensitive to road salt than their counterparts from woodland populations away from roads. While this pattern is consistent with local maladaptation, unresolved insights into the timing and duration of these effects leave open the possibility that negative outcomes are countered during development. Here, we asked whether the survival disadvantage of roadside wood frogs is stage-specific, and whether this disadvantage reverses before metamorphosis. We used a common garden road salt exposure experiment and a field-based reciprocal transplant experiment to examine differences in survival across life-history stage and with respect to population type. In each experimental context, roadside embryos showed a survival disadvantage relative to woodland embryos, and this disadvantage was not reversed prior to metamorphosis. We also found that salt exposure delayed metamorphosis more strongly for roadside than woodland populations. Together, these results suggest that local maladaptation in aquatic-stage wood frogs is driven by embryonic sensitivity to salt and that roadside populations are further compromised by delayed developmental rates. Future studies should consider which embryonic traits fail to adapt to salt toxicity, and how those traits might correlate with terrestrial trait variation.