WHY OYSTER RESTORATION GOALS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY ARE NOT AND PROBABLY CANNOT BE ACHIEVED
WHY OYSTER RESTORATION GOALS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY ARE NOT AND PROBABLY CANNOT BE ACHIEVED
复制标题
为什么切萨皮克湾的牡蛎恢复目标没有实现而且很可能无法实现
DOI：
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Powell
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Mann;E. Powell
摘要 恢复切萨皮克湾本土牡蛎的努力得到了公众的大力支持，并且已经并将继续消耗大量资金，有些人认为这是不合理和不合理的。尽管有这种支持，但恢复工作的既定目标定义不明确，因此没有提供时间、空间或生物量方面成功的现实衡量标准。在其他海洋和河口物种的管理和重建计划中成功使用的定量方法尚未得到适当应用。在定义定量问题时，牡蛎种群动态和生态学的基本信息尚未得到充分重视。考虑到这些限制，尽管投资巨大，但收效甚微也就不足为奇了。我们注意到缺乏预测招募、限制疾病的进入和影响的能力。如果不控制这两个功能，就无法在人口目前占据或以前占据的足迹内以自我维持的重建模式对其进行管理。通过提供基质来持续扩大足迹的成本极其昂贵，超出了基质材料的可用性所设定的限制，并且在存在疾病和易感牡蛎的情况下是徒劳的。如果人口不大幅增加和重建，生态服务将受到限制。事实上，水质影响将是适度的、局部的和季节性的，并且仍然会受到周期性风暴事件的影响。对生物限制进行连贯和合理的评估将带来更现实、实际上非常适度的生态恢复目标。我们必须接受这样一个事实：迄今为止，恢复本土牡蛎数量的努力已经失败，而改善这种情况的预测也将继续失败。提出的论点是，通过现实和可持续的人口稳定现有床位足迹并促进水产养殖以提高商业产量是更可预测和稳定的经济投资。这些选项中的每一个都与最现实的生态结果一致，应该在未来的努力中优先考虑。
Abstract Efforts to restore the native oyster in the Chesapeake Bay enjoy enormous public support and have consumed and continue to consume vast, some would argue unreasonable and unjustifiable, amounts of funding. Despite this support the stated goals of restoration efforts are poorly defined and consequently provide no realistic measures of success in terms of time, space, or biomass. Quantitative approaches used successfully in management of and rebuilding plans for other marine and estuarine species have not been appropriately applied. Basic information in oyster population dynamics and ecology has been inadequately appreciated in defining the quantitative problem. Given these limitations it is not surprising that little success has been achieved despite the massive investment. We note a lack of ability to predict recruitment, and limit the ingress and impact of disease. Without control of both of these functions, populations cannot be managed in a self-sustaining rebuilding mode within the footprint that they either currently occupy or formerly occupied. Sustained expansion of that footprint through substrate provision is prohibitively expensive, beyond the limits set by availability of substrate material, and futile in the presence of disease and susceptible oysters. Without attaining a substantially increased and rebuilding population, ecological services will be limited. Water quality impacts will, in reality, be modest, local and seasonal, and still subject to being overwhelmed by periodic storm events. Coherent and rational evaluation of biological limitations will lead to more realistic, and indeed very modest goals for ecological restoration. We must accept the fact that efforts to date to restore native oyster populations have failed and the prognosis for improvement of this situation is continued failure. The argument is proffered that stabilizing the present bed footprint with a realistic and sustainable population and the promotion of aquaculture to increase commercial yield is a more predictable and stable economic investment. Each of these options is consistent with the most realistic ecological outcome and should take priority in future efforts.