A Global Review of Legislation on HIV/AIDS: The Issue of HIV Testing
A Global Review of Legislation on HIV/AIDS: The Issue of HIV Testing
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全球艾滋病毒/艾滋病立法回顾：艾滋病毒检测问题
DOI：
10.1097/00042560-200110010-00010
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Kingma
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. D'Amelio;Emmanuelle Tuerlings;Olga Perito;R. Biselli;S. Natalicchio;S. Kingma
目标：严格审查关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病的全球立法，重点是艾滋病毒检测问题，主要是在军事背景下。设计：分析占世界人口85%的世界卫生组织（世卫组织）191个成员国中121个国家关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病的卫生立法。方法：以世界卫生组织《处理艾滋病毒感染和艾滋病法律文书目录》为主要参考资料。两项全球调查的相关结果被用于检查军队中的艾滋病毒检测。结果：在121个国家中，60%的国家报告了艾滋病病例，而艾滋病毒感染率不超过26%。在20%的国家，法律对通知保密。只有17%的国家制定了针对社会歧视的艾滋病毒专项立法，而10%的国家通过了立法，对注射受艾滋病毒污染的生物材料后感染艾滋病毒的人进行经济补偿，支持职业风险，和/或为患者提供社会保护。在121个国家中，只有42%的国家报告拥有要求对捐献血液进行筛查的法律文书。27%的国家报告了针对弱势群体（如商业性工作者、男男性行为者、注射吸毒者和多次输血或血液衍生物的接受者）的立法措施，这些立法措施通常是规范性的，有时也是保护性的。已通过具体立法的其他被视为潜在弱势群体的类别包括移民（17%的国家）、囚犯（5%）和卫生人员（14%）。预防艾滋病毒的进一步立法措施涉及在产前对孕妇进行检测（7%的国家），支持推广避孕套（11%），要求对艾滋病毒感染者或艾滋病患者进行检疫、隔离或强制住院的措施（9%），或对故意使他人面临传播风险的艾滋病毒感染者实施刑事制裁（10%）。121个国家中有39%依法设立了国家艾滋病委员会，负责处理与艾滋病毒/艾滋病有关的问题。全球调查显示，27个国家在招募军事人员时实行强制性艾滋病毒筛查。结论：这些数据是一个有用的工具，可使各国政府认识到向世卫组织少报法律文书的问题，并认识到有必要根据公共卫生和人权是相互补充而不是相互冲突的目标这一理念促进立法。
Objective: Critical review of worldwide legislation on HIV/AIDS, with a focus on the issue of HIV testing, mainly in a military context. Design: Analysis of health legislation on HIV/AIDS among 121 of the 191 member states of the World Health Organization (WHO), representing 85% of the world's population. Methods: The WHO Directory of Legal Instruments Dealing with HIV Infection and AIDS has been the main source consulted. Relevant findings of two global surveys were used to examine HIV testing in the military. Results: AIDS cases are reportable in 60% of the 121 countries, whereas HIV infections in no more than 26%. Notifications are kept confidential by law in 20% of countries. Only 17% have developed HIV‐specific legislation against social discrimination, whereas 10% have passed legislation establishing financial reimbursement to those who have acquired HIV infection after injection of HIV‐contaminated biologic material, support for occupational risk, and/or social protection for patients. Only 42% of the 121 countries report having legal instruments that require screening of donated blood. Legislative measures that address, generally in a prescriptive but sometimes also in a protective way, vulnerable groups, such as commercial sex workers, men who have sex with men, injecting drug users, and recipients of multiple transfusions of blood or blood‐derivatives, are reported in 27% of countries. Other categories considered potentially vulnerable, for which specific legislation has been passed, include immigrants (17% of countries), prisoners (5%), and health personnel (14%). Further legislative measures for HIV prevention address testing pregnant women in the prenatal period (7% of countries), supporting condom promotion (11%), measures requiring quarantine, isolation, or coercive hospitalization of HIV‐infected people or AIDS patients (9%), or imposing penal sanctions for HIV‐infected people who deliberately expose others to the risk of transmission (10%.). A National AIDS Committee responsible for addressing issues related to HIV/AIDS has been established by law in 39% of the 121 countries. Global surveys show that 27 countries carry out compulsory HIV screening on recruitment of military personnel. Conclusions: These data represent a useful tool to make governments aware of the problem of underreporting of legal instruments to the WHO and of the need to promote legislation in line with the idea that public health and human rights are complementary, not conflicting, goals.