The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols
The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.10.012
复制
发表时间：
2005-05-01
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Kemp, PF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aller, JY;Kuznetsova, MR;Kemp, PF
海洋气溶胶主要是通过海面微层（SML）中上升的气泡喷发形成的，气溶胶的形成是细菌和病毒穿越海气界面的主要载体。物质被输送到并通过SML进入大气的过程导致微生物和其他生物体在SML中富集。我们评估了海洋细菌和病毒在天然气溶胶中的浓度，并在那些由冒泡的海水喷雾模拟，并将它们的浓度在SML（200-400 μ m厚）和地下水。还评估了微生物与透明凝胶状有机颗粒的关联以及细菌的生理状态。我们发现细菌和病毒在从地下沃茨到SML的运输过程中富集了15-25倍，然后进入大气。气溶胶中的大多数微生物被发现嵌入在有机颗粒中。SML中的大部分微生物也与颗粒相关，而在地下沃茨中，它们中的大多数是自由生活的。与次表层沃茨相比，微层中受损和活性较低的细菌细胞所占的百分比更大，初步数据表明，气溶胶中的百分比甚至更大。我们的数据支持这样的想法，即SML在从水体进入大气的微生物的主要来源。气溶胶化可能是一种重要的长距离传播机制，并可能解释观察到的一些细菌的世界性分布。(c)2004爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Marine aerosols are formed primarily by the eruption of rising bubbles through the sea-surface microlayer (SML), and aerosol formation is the main vector for transport of bacteria and viruses across the air-sea interface. The processes by which materials are transported to and through the SML to the atmosphere results in an enrichment in the SML of microbial and other organisms. We evaluated concentrations of marine bacteria and viruses in natural aerosols and in those simulated by bubbling sea sprays and compared them to the concentrations in SML (200-400 mu m thick) and in subsurface water. Association of microorganisms with transparent gel-like organic particles and physiological status of bacteria were also assessed. We found a 15-25-fold enrichment in bacteria and viruses during transport from subsurface waters to the SML, and then into the atmosphere. The majority of microorganisms in aerosols were found embedded in the organic particles. Large portions of microorganisms in the SML were also associated with the particles, while in subsurface waters most of them were free-living. A larger percentage of damaged and less active bacterial cells occur in the microlayer than in subsurface waters, and preliminary data suggest that an even greater percentage occurs in aerosols. Our data support the idea that the SML in a major source of microorganisms entering the atmosphere from water bodies. Aerosolization is potentially an important long-distance dispersal mechanism and may account for observed cosmopolitan distributions of some bacteria. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.