Reckoning with histories of medical racism and violence in the USA.
Reckoning with histories of medical racism and violence in the USA.
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DOI：
10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32032-8
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发表时间：
2020-10-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
White AIR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nuriddin A;Mooney G;White AIR
2014年，埃里克·加纳（Eric Garner）在纽约警察局（Police Department）的手中被杀，以及他被掐死后死亡的录像，将“我无法呼吸”这句话提升为抗议口号，为那些在全球范围内反对结构性种族主义的人而战。乔治弗洛伊德于二零二零年在美国明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市及其他人在COVID-19大流行期间的反种族主义抗议活动中重复了这句话，加深了这些词语的突出性。虽然许多公共卫生研究表明，种族主义是健康结果和差异的基本决定因素，种族主义政策和做法也是美国医学院历史形成的组成部分。正如保罗·法默（Paul Farmer）及其同事所描述的，结构性暴力解释了社会组织如何“将个人和群体置于危险之中”。这些安排是结构性的，因为它们植根于我们社会世界的政治和经济组织中;它们是暴力的，因为它们对人们造成伤害（通常不是那些对这种不平等长期存在负责的人）。虽然没有一个单一的概念可以捕捉种族主义的复杂性或完整的动态，我们在这里讨论的简短的历史例子表明，结构性暴力有助于理解暴力的历史，忽视和压迫，交错执法，政治，医疗保健和公共卫生是密不可分的联系，并表现在现在。
The killing of Eric Garner in 2014 at the hands of the New York Police Department and the footage that circulated of his death after he was put in a chokehold elevated the phrase “I can't breathe” to a protest chant for those in the fight against structural racism worldwide. Its repetition by George Floyd in Minneapolis, MN, USA, in 2020 and by others in anti-racism protests amid the COVID-19 pandemic has deepened the salience of these words. While much public health research has shown that racism is a fundamental determinant of health outcomes and disparities, racist policy and practice have also been integral to the historical formation of the medical academy in the USA.The term structural violence has its origins in peace studies in the 1960s as a way of understanding the iniquities of imperialism that persisted in the post-colonial world. As Paul Farmer and colleagues have described, structural violence explains how the organisation of society “puts individuals and populations in harm's way. The arrangements are structural because they are embedded in the political and economic organization of our social world; they are violent because they cause injury to people (typically, not those responsible for perpetuating such inequalities).” While no single concept can capture the complexity or full dynamics of racism, the brief historical examples we discuss here show that structural violence is helpful for understanding how the histories of violence, neglect, and oppression that crisscross law enforcement, politics, medical care, and public health are inextricably linked and manifested in the present.