Household accessibility to heat refuges: Residential air conditioning, public cooled space, and walkability
Household accessibility to heat refuges: Residential air conditioning, public cooled space, and walkability
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DOI：
10.1177/0265813516657342
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发表时间：
2017-11-01
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Bondank, Emily
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fraser, Andrew M.;Chester, Mikhail V.;Bondank, Emily
获得空调空间对于保护城市人口免受热暴露的不利影响至关重要。然而，对私人（家庭空调）的渗透和城市公共（冷却中心和商业空间）冷却空间的分布仍然相当有限。此外，政府资助的冷却中心的部署可能不充分地了解现有冷却资源（住宅空调和空调公共空间）的位置，从而引发了获得热避难所的公平性问题。我们探讨了私人和公共冷却资源的分布和访问的不平等，在美国两个主要的城市地区：洛杉矶县，加州和亚利桑那州的Marvila县（其县城是凤凰城）在家庭层面。我们评估存在的家用空调和开发一个基于步行的无障碍措施，空调公共空间使用组合的累积机会重力的方法。我们发现这两个地区的住宅空调分布的显着变化，这在很大程度上是由于建筑年龄和区域间/区域内的气候差异。在可步行进入公共冷却空间方面也存在地区差异。在平均步行速度下，我们发现只有一小部分家庭（洛杉矶为3%，马拉多纳为2%）可以使用官方制冷中心，而更多的家庭（洛杉矶为80%，马拉多纳为39%）可以使用至少一种其他类型的公共制冷资源，如图书馆或商业机构。聚集到一个社区的水平，我们发现，每个区域内有一些区域，其中访问冷却空间（无论是公共或私人）是有限的，这可能会增加与热相关的健康风险。
Access to air conditioned space is critical for protecting urban populations from the adverse effects of heat exposure. Yet there remains fairly limited knowledge of the penetration of private (home air conditioning) and distribution of public (cooling centers and commercial space) cooled space across cities. Furthermore, the deployment of government-sponsored cooling centers is likely to be inadequately informed with respect to the location of existing cooling resources (residential air conditioning and air conditioned public space), raising questions of the equitability of access to heat refuges. We explore the distribution of private and public cooling resources and access inequities at the household level in two major US urban areas: Los Angeles County, California and Maricopa County, Arizona (whose county seat is Phoenix). We evaluate the presence of in-home air conditioning and develop a walking-based accessibility measure to air conditioned public space using a combined cumulative opportunities-gravity approach. We find significant variations in the distribution of residential air conditioning across both regions which are largely attributable to building age and inter/intra-regional climate differences. There are also regional disparities in walkable access to public cooled space. At average walking speeds, we find that official cooling centers are only accessible to a small fraction of households (3% in Los Angeles, 2% in Maricopa) while a significantly higher number of households (80% in Los Angeles, 39% in Maricopa) have access to at least one other type of public cooling resource such as a library or commercial establishment. Aggregated to a neighborhood level, we find that there are areas within each region where access to cooled space (either public or private) is limited which may increase heat-related health risks.