On the evolution of Ape Social Systems
On the evolution of Ape Social Systems
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论猿类社会系统的演化
DOI：
10.1177/053901847901800301
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发表时间：
1979
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Wrangham
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Wrangham
尽管在理解社会进化的本质方面取得了理论上的进步（例如，汉密尔顿，1964;特里弗斯，1972），但分析社会生活适应功能的明确程序尚未出现。原则上，解释社会群体类型的分布和多样性的尝试应该涉及每个个体的预期生殖成功如何受到其社会性的影响。然而，事实上，对灵长类社会的分析引起了对群体的如此多的关注，以至于群体的繁殖率有时被视为自然选择作用的结果。如果群体的自然选择（即差异复制）至少部分地对个体行为模式的进化负责，这可能是有效的。然而，很明显，群体选择只有在特殊的条件下才有效果，包括低迁移率和/或高群体灭绝率（Maynard Smith，1976）。根据目前许多灵长类动物的经验数据，可以肯定的是，这些条件并不满足：在某些物种中，社会群体在有机会灭绝之前就已经解体了。（例如Dunbar和Dunbar，1975），而在那些持续了许多代的个体中，至少有一半的个体在青春期离开了他们的出生群体（例如Sugiyama，1976; Packer，1975; Harcourt等人，1976; Pusey，出版中; Hrdy，出版中）。这意味着灵长类动物群体的遗传组成不断变化，没有机会选择不同类型的群体。排除群体选择作为灵长类进化的一种机制，在某种程度上澄清了分析灵长类社会系统的逻辑基础。例如，社会进化的发生是因为群体提供了免受捕食者侵害的安全，群体使个体能够找到更多的食物，或者稳定的等级制度给群体带来了和平，这已经不足以证明这一点了。这种陈述假设群体中的不同个体有共同的利益，但事实很少如此。特别是，两性对社会生活的后果可能有着非常不同的兴趣。如果群体选择对社会行为没有系统的影响，
Despite theoretical advances in understanding the nature of social evolution (e.g. Hamilton, 1964; Trivers, 1972) a clear procedure for analysing the adaptive functions of social life has not yet emerged. In principle, attempts to explain the distribution and diversity of types of social group should refer to how the expected reproductive success of each individual is affected by its being social. In fact, however, the analysis of primate societies draws so much attention to groups that the reproductive rates of groups are sometimes treated as the consequences on which natural selection acts. This could be valid if natural selection (i.e. differential replication) of groups was at least partly responsible for the evolution of individual behavior patterns. It is clear, however, that group selection has effects only under extraordinary conditions, which include low rates of migration and/or high rates of group extinction (Maynard Smith, 1976). With empirical data now available for many species of primates it is certain that these conditions are not met: in some species social groups break up before having the opportunity to go extinct (e.g. Dunbar and Dunbar, 1975), while in those that persist for many generations at least half the individuals leave their natal groups at adolescence (e.g. Sugiyama, 1976; Packer, 1975; Harcourt et al., 1976; Pusey, in press; Hrdy, in press). This means that the genetic composition of a primate group changes continually, leaving no occasion for the selection of different types of group. The exclusion of group selection as a mechanism in primate evolution clarifies somewhat the logic underlying an analysis of their social systems. It is no longer sufficient to argue, for instance, that social evolution occurs because the group gives safety from predators, the group enables individuals to find more food or a stable hierarchy brings peace to the group. Such statements assume that different individuals in the group have common interests, but this will rarely be the case. In particular, the sexes are likely to have very different interests in the consequences of social life. If group selection has no systematic effects on social behavior ideas such as