Struggles for just conservation: an analysis of India's biodiversity conservation conflicts
Struggles for just conservation: an analysis of India's biodiversity conservation conflicts
复制标题
正义保护的斗争：印度生物多样性保护冲突分析
DOI：
10.2458/jpe.5214
复制
发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Eleonora Fanari
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Eleonora Fanari
保护地球上剩余的生物多样性仍然是一场具有全球重要性的辩论，也是争论的根源。在这种背景下，印度政府从20世纪70年代开始实施后殖民时代的森林保护，1972年出台了《野生动物保护法》。自那以后，中国加强了其保护政策，在过去的15年里，特别重视对老虎的保护，老虎被认为是重点和濒危物种。2004年，成立了老虎特别工作组来保护老虎，随后为老虎保护建立了受保护的栖息地，这反过来又强化了人与野生动物二元的想法，并通过武装警察使对这些空间的控制合法化。环境治理方面的这些变化改变了当地社区和森林守卫之间的关系，在许多情况下加剧了本已相互冲突的互动。本文通过对《环境正义地图集》(EJAtlas)中记录的26起冲突的分析，并根据在印度保护区内和周围进行的实地调查，讨论了印度围绕保护区(国家公园、老虎保护区和野生动物保护区)新出现的冲突的政治生态。具体地说，文章分析了保护政策与2006年《森林权利法》承认的公地权利之间的相互作用，以及保护政策在剥夺、暴力和“绿色军事化”增加方面的社会经济影响。文章还强调了针对这些趋势发展起来的社会抵抗运动，这些运动被框定为日益增长的环境正义运动的一部分。文章最后总结了这场斗争对未来实现生态可持续社会和塑造新的保护模式可能是至关重要的。
The protection of the Earth's remaining biodiversity continues to be a debate of global importance as well as a source of contestation. In this context, the Indian government started with its post-colonial forest conservation from the 1970s, by ushering in the Wildlife Protection Act in 1972. It has since reinforced its conservation policies, over the last 15 years giving particular focus to the protection of tigers, considered a keystone and endangered species. In 2004, a Tiger Task Force was set up to protect the tiger, followed by the establishment of protected habitats for tiger conservation, which in turn reinforced the idea of a human-wildlife binary and legitimized the control of these spaces through armed policing. These changes in environmental governance have altered the relationship between local communities and forest guards, in many cases aggravating already conflictual interactions. This article discusses the political ecology of emerging conflicts around protected areas (national parks, tiger reserves and wildlife sanctuaries) in India through an analysis of 26 conflicts documented in the Environmental Justice Atlas (EJAtlas), and informed by field research conducted within and around protected areas of India. Specifically, the article analyzes the interplay between conservation policies and the rights of the commons recognized under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, as well as the socio-economic impacts of conservation policies in terms of dispossession, violence and the increase of "green militarization." The article also highlights the social resistance movements developed against these trends, which are framed as part of the growing environmental justice movement. The article concludes with how this struggle may be essential to achieving an ecologically sustainable society in the future and to shape a new conservation model.