Russia and the Levant, 1856-1862: Grand Duke Constantine Nicolaevich and the Russian Steam Navigation Company
Russia and the Levant, 1856-1862: Grand Duke Constantine Nicolaevich and the Russian Steam Navigation Company
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俄罗斯和黎凡特，1856-1862 年：康斯坦丁·尼古拉耶维奇大公和俄罗斯蒸汽航运公司
DOI：
10.1086/237662
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发表时间：
1954
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
W. E. Mosse
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. E. Mosse
最近的战争暴露了俄罗斯帝国内部组织的严重弱点，和平一结束，俄罗斯政府就决定采取经济发展、行政改革和战略准备的政策。新政策的主要特点是铁路建设，因为缺乏足够的通讯手段阻碍了俄罗斯的军事努力，并迄今为止阻碍了其经济的发展。因此，1856年决定在接下来的十年内建设一个铁路系统，以弥补最近战争所暴露的一些军事和经济弱点。仅次于修建铁路的决定的是同年做出的在黑海发展俄罗斯商船队的决议。人们希望俄罗斯南部海域的商业活动能够开发该国的经济资源，提供稳定的训练有素的海员储备，并在军事需要时产生一支有用的运输船队。此外，由于当时的海军舰艇仍然主要是木制的，装甲板才刚刚开始出现——建造适当、配备适当武器的商业船只可能会转用于海军用途。因此，通过发展商船海军，俄罗斯或许能够（至少在很大程度上）规避最近条约中的限制性条款，这些条款阻止其在毗邻其南部海岸的水域维持有效的海军力量。在亚历山大及其顾问的心目中，俄罗斯在黑海航行的发展与俄罗斯的进一步利益联系在一起。多年来，俄罗斯朝圣者参观了巴勒斯坦的圣地，出于威望的原因，帝国政府将其
The recent war had revealed grave weaknesses in the internal organization of the Russian Empire, and as soon as peace had been concluded the Russian government decided to embark on a policy of economic development, administrative reform, and strategic preparation. The principal feature of the new policy was the construction of railways, for it was the absence of adequate means of communication which had hampered Russia's military effort and had hitherto retarded the development of her economy. In 1856, therefore, it was decided to construct, in the course of the next ten years, a system of railways which would remedy some of the military and economic weaknesses revealed by the recent war.Second only in importance to the decsion to build railways was the resolution taken in the course of the same year to develop a Russian merchant navy in the Black Sea. Commercial activity in Russia's southern waters would, it was hoped, develop the country's economic resources, provide a constant reservoir of trained seamen, and yield a useful fleet of transports in case of military need.'Moreover, since naval vessels at that time were still mainly woodenarmor-plating had only just begun to make its appearance-suitably constructed commercial vessels, with proper armament, might be turned to naval uses. By developing her merchant navy, Russia might therefore be able to evade, at least in large measure, the restrictive clauses of the recent treaty which prevented her from maintaining effective naval forces in the waters adjoining her southern shores. The development of Russian navigation in the Black Sea was linked in the minds of Alexander and his advisers with a further Russian interest. For many years Russian pilgrims had visited the holy places in Palestine, and for reasons of prestige the imperial government had taken