Pedestrian behavior at bottlenecks
Pedestrian behavior at bottlenecks
复制标题
DOI：
10.1287/trsc.1040.0102
复制
发表时间：
2005-05-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Daamen, W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hoogendoorn, SP;Daamen, W
公共步行空间的交通运行在很大程度上取决于行人交通需求和基础设施供给的差异，当行人交通需求超过通行能力时，就会发生拥挤。而后者又取决于许多因素，如瓶颈和墙面的宽度，以及行人通过瓶颈的相互作用行为。本文讨论了瓶颈情况下微观行人行为的实验结果。一个狭窄的瓶颈和一个广泛的瓶颈的结果进行了讨论，并比较没有瓶颈的实验结果。它显示了瓶颈内的行人如何有效地形成层或路径，它们之间的距离约为45厘米。这小于单个行人的有效宽度，约为55厘米。这些层因此重叠，这种现象被称为“拉链”效应。这些层内的行人以1.3秒的速度彼此跟随，而不考虑所考虑的实验。对于窄的瓶颈情况（宽度为1米），形成两层;对于宽的瓶颈情况（宽度为2米），形成四层或五层，尽管这些层的寿命相当小。拉链效应导致瓶颈的容量随着瓶颈的宽度以逐步的方式增加，至少对于中等宽度（小于3米）的瓶颈。这对步行设施的设计具有重大影响。
Traffic operations in public walking spaces are to a large extent determined by differences in pedestrian traffic demand and infrastructure supply Congestion occurs when pedestrian traffic demand exceeds the capacity. In turn, the latter is determined by a number of factors, such as the width of the bottleneck and the wall surface, as well as the interaction behavior of the pedestrians passing the bottleneck.This article discusses experimental findings of microscopic pedestrian behavior in case of bottlenecks. Results for both a narrow bottleneck and a wide bottleneck are discussed and compared to the results of an experiment without a bottleneck. It is shown how pedestrians inside bottlenecks effectively form layers or trails, the distance between which is approximately 45 cm. This is less than the effective width of a single pedestrian, which is around 55 cm. The layers are thus overlapping, a phenomenon which is referred to as the "zipper" effect. The pedestrians within these layers follow each other at 1.3 seconds, irrespective of the considered experiment. For the narrow bottleneck case (width of one meter) two layers are formed; for the wide bottleneck case (width of two meters), four or five layers are formed, although the life span of these layers is rather small.The zipper effect causes the capacity of the bottleneck to increase in a stepwise fashion with the width of the bottleneck, at least for bottlenecks of moderate width (less than 3 m). This has substantial implications for the design of walking facilities.