How awareness changes the relative weights of evidence during human decision-making.
How awareness changes the relative weights of evidence during human decision-making.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.1001203
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发表时间：
2011-11
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Dehaene S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
de Lange FP;van Gaal S;Lamme VA;Dehaene S
一项行为和大脑成像相结合的研究表明，感官意识和刺激可见性如何影响人类决策的动态。人类的决策是基于随着时间的推移积累不同选择的证据。这里我们问一个简单的问题：信息认知水平如何影响证据的积累？我们使用组合行为方法和脑磁图（MEG）研究了意识对决策的影响。参与者被要求通过积累一系列视觉呈现的箭头刺激的证据来做出决定，这些刺激的可见性通过遮蔽来调节。行为结果表明，参与者可以在高可见度和低可见度下积累证据。然而，对传入证据流的自上而下的战略调节仅适用于具有高可见性的刺激：一旦积累了足够的证据，参与者就会战略性地减少新传入刺激的影响。此外，决策速度和信心受到高可见证据强度的强烈调节，而不是低可见证据的强度，尽管两种类型刺激的直接启动效应是相同的。神经记录显示，虽然最初的感知处理与可见度无关，但高可见度的刺激比低可见度的刺激有更强的自上而下的放大作用。此外，枕顶皮质证据积累的神经标记仅对高度可见的感觉信息表现出策略偏见，从而加快了处理速度并减少了与决策过程相关的神经计算。我们的研究结果表明，信息意识水平改变了决策：虽然在低可见性条件下证据的积累已经存在，但高可见性允许证据积累到更高的水平，从而导致决策中重要的战略性自上而下的变化。因此，我们的结果表明，意识在部署灵活的策略以根据个人的期望和目标偏向信息获取方面发挥着潜在的作用。在做出决定时，我们会收集不同选项的证据，并根据积累的证据最终做出选择。一个基本问题是对证据的自觉意识是否以及如何改变这一决策过程。在这里，我们利用人类参与者的行为研究和脑磁图记录来研究感官意识对决策的影响。在我们的任务中，参与者必须指出屏幕上显示的五个箭头的主要方向，每个箭头指向左或右，并且在不同的试验中，这些箭头要么很容易看到（高可见度），要么很难看到（低可见度）。行为和神经记录表明，随着刺激可见性的增加，证据积累从线性整合策略转变为非线性整合策略。特别是，当积累了更多证据时，后来证据的影响就会降低，但仅限于高度可见的信息。相比之下，几乎难以察觉的箭头对决策的贡献同样巨大，因为参与者需要继续积累证据才能做出准确的决策。这些结果表明，意识可能通过影响新证据的积累而在决策中发挥作用。
A combined behavioral and brain imaging study shows how sensory awareness and stimulus visibility can influence the dynamics of decision-making in humans. Human decisions are based on accumulating evidence over time for different options. Here we ask a simple question: How is the accumulation of evidence affected by the level of awareness of the information? We examined the influence of awareness on decision-making using combined behavioral methods and magneto-encephalography (MEG). Participants were required to make decisions by accumulating evidence over a series of visually presented arrow stimuli whose visibility was modulated by masking. Behavioral results showed that participants could accumulate evidence under both high and low visibility. However, a top-down strategic modulation of the flow of incoming evidence was only present for stimuli with high visibility: once enough evidence had been accrued, participants strategically reduced the impact of new incoming stimuli. Also, decision-making speed and confidence were strongly modulated by the strength of the evidence for high-visible but not low-visible evidence, even though direct priming effects were identical for both types of stimuli. Neural recordings revealed that, while initial perceptual processing was independent of visibility, there was stronger top-down amplification for stimuli with high visibility than low visibility. Furthermore, neural markers of evidence accumulation over occipito-parietal cortex showed a strategic bias only for highly visible sensory information, speeding up processing and reducing neural computations related to the decision process. Our results indicate that the level of awareness of information changes decision-making: while accumulation of evidence already exists under low visibility conditions, high visibility allows evidence to be accumulated up to a higher level, leading to important strategical top-down changes in decision-making. Our results therefore suggest a potential role of awareness in deploying flexible strategies for biasing information acquisition in line with one's expectations and goals. When making a decision, we gather evidence for the different options and ultimately choose on the basis of the accumulated evidence. A fundamental question is whether and how conscious awareness of the evidence changes this decision-making process. Here, we examined the influence of sensory awareness on decision-making using behavioral studies and magneto-encephalographic recordings in human participants. In our task, participants had to indicate the prevailing direction of five arrows presented on a screen that each pointed either left or right, and in different trials these arrows were either easy to see (high visibility) or difficult to see (low visibility). Behavioral and neural recordings show that evidence accumulation changed from a linear to a non-linear integration strategy with increasing stimulus visibility. In particular, the impact of later evidence was reduced when more evidence had been accrued, but only for highly visible information. By contrast, barely perceptible arrows contributed equally to a decision because participants needed to continue to accumulate evidence in order to make an accurate decision. These results suggest that consciousness may play a role in decision-making by biasing the accumulation of new evidence.
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影响因子：
16.2
作者：
Beck JM;Ma WJ;Kiani R;Hanks T;Churchland AK;Roitman J;Shadlen MN;Latham PE;Pouget A
通讯作者：
Pouget A
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Dijksterhuis, A;Bos, MW;van Baaren, RB
通讯作者：
van Baaren, RB
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.96.4.1790
发表时间：
1999-02-16
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Bar, M;Biederman, I
通讯作者：
Biederman, I
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Bastiaansen, MCM;Knösche, TR
通讯作者：
Knösche, TR
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Dehaene, S;Naccache, L;Le Bihan, D
通讯作者：
Le Bihan, D