Quantification of lifetime accumulated ELF-EMF exposure from household appliances in the context of a retrospective epidemiological case-control study
Quantification of lifetime accumulated ELF-EMF exposure from household appliances in the context of a retrospective epidemiological case-control study
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500305
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发表时间：
2004-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hoffmann, W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Behrens, T;Terschüren, C;Hoffmann, W
在欧洲，家用电器是室内50赫兹磁场暴露的主要来源。一些流行病学研究报告了白血病风险与个人使用家用电器之间的联系。1997年至2001年间在德国北部（石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因和下萨克森州）进行的“北德意志白血病和淋巴瘤研究”（NLL）中，预先选择的一系列电器（微波炉、吹风机、电动闹钟（即使用电机移动手或数字）、电热毯和枕头、加热水床、带传统屏幕的电脑、电视和电动缝纫机）的终身使用情况被记录在标准化的、个人电脑面试。暴露在三个不同的精度水平上进行评估：曾经使用、累计使用年限和平均每日使用时间。其他问题涉及暴露调节因素，包括看电视时与屏幕的距离，床上闹钟的位置等)。家用电器对极低频电磁场的暴露被量化为曾经使用与从未使用、总使用年限和净使用年限以及累计使用小时数。通量密度是根据已发表文献中器具的测量结果得出的。这些被用作加权因子，以解释不同的特定设备对总体ELF-EMF暴露的贡献。暴露分数的结果分布（以四分位数为单位）揭示了不同精度水平的系统差异。我们的分析表明，对家用电器产生的极低频电磁场暴露的有效评估应以尽可能高的精度为基础，因此在分析流行病学方面提出了相当大的挑战。
In Europe household appliances are a major source of indoor 50 Hz magnetic field exposure. A number of epidemiological studies have reported associations between leukemia risk and personal use of household appliances. In the "Norddeutsche Leukamie und Lymphomstudie'' (NLL), which was conducted in Northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony) between 1997 and 2001, lifetime use of a preselected array of electric appliances ( microwave ovens, hair-dryers, motorized electrical alarm clocks (i.e. that use a motor to move their hands or digits), electric blankets and pillows, heated waterbeds, computers with conventional screens, TVs, and electric sewing machines) was recorded in a standardized, personal, computerized interview. Exposure was assessed on three different levels of precision: ever use, cumulative appliance-years, and average time of daily use. Additional questions referred to exposure modifying factors, including distance from screen while watching TV, position of an alarm clock at the bed etc.). Exposure to ELF-EMF from household appliances was quantified as ever vs. never use, gross and net appliance-years of lifetime use and cumulative muT-hours. Flux densities were based on measurements of appliances from the published literature. These were used as weighting factors to account for the different device-specific contributions to overall ELF-EMF exposure. Resulting distributions ( as quartiles) for exposure scores revealed systematic differences for different levels of precision. Our analysis indicates that valid assessment of ELF-EMF exposure from household appliances should be based on the highest possible degree of precision and hence provides a considerable challenge in analytic epidemiology.