Incidence and diversity of microorganisms within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney
Incidence and diversity of microorganisms within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney
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DOI：
10.1128/aem.69.6.3580-3592.2003
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发表时间：
2003-06-01
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Baross, JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schrenk, MO;Kelley, DS;Baross, JA
1998年，在胡安德富卡山脊的莫特拉喷口区域发现了一个巨大的、完整的硫化物烟囱，命名为Finn。芬恩在海底喷发出302摄氏度的流体，并在一条大型开放的中央管道周围包含复杂的矿物学区域。对这些区域内的微生物进行检查，然后用寡核苷酸探针进行群落分析，结果表明，从烟囱外部到内部，真细菌和古菌的丰度和多样性存在差异。基于荧光显微镜和定量脂肪酸分析的微生物丰度从烟囱壁内硫化物2~10 cm的10(8)个/g到烟囱内区的10(5)个/g。直接显微镜观察表明，微生物附着在整个结构的矿物表面。全细胞杂交结果表明，烟囱从阴凉的外部附近的真细菌和古细菌混合群落过渡到温暖的内部附近的以古细菌为主的群落。通过16S rRNA基因的克隆和测序，对芬兰三个地区的古菌多样性进行了研究。烟囱外部的大部分序列与克伦考古群的海洋群I和底栖海洋环境中未养殖的Eurya chaeota有关。相比之下，来自烟囱内部区域的克隆库包含与产甲烷菌、热球菌属和古红菌密切相关的序列，以及从深层地下遗址获得的未培养的隐翅虫系统型。这些对活跃的热液烟囱内微生物群落的观察提供了对此类结构内微生物生态的洞察，并可能有助于后续探索扩大已知的生命温度上限。
A large, intact sulfide chimney, designated Finn, was recovered from the Mothra Vent Field on the Juan de Fuca Ridge in 1998. Finn was venting 302degreesC fluids on the seafloor and contained complex mineralogical zones surrounding a large open central conduit. Examination of microorganisms within these zones, followed by community analysis with oligonucleotide probes, showed that there were variations in the abundance and diversity of eubacteria and archaea from the exterior to the interior of the chimney. The microbial abundance based upon epifluorescence microscopy and quantitative fatty acid analyses varied from > 10(8) cells/g of sulfide 2 to 10 cm within the chimney wall to < 10(5) cells/g in interior zones. Direct microscopic observation indicated that microorganisms were attached to mineral surfaces throughout the structure. Whole-cell hybridization results revealed that there was a transition from a mixed community of eubacteria and archaea near the cool exterior of the chimney to primarily archaea near the warm interior. Archaeal diversity was examined in three zones of Finn by cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The majority of sequences from the exterior of the chimney were related to marine group I of the Crenarchaeota and uncultured Euryarchaeota from benthic marine environments. In contrast, clone libraries from interior regions of the chimney contained sequences closely related to methanogens, Thermococcales, and Archaeoglobales, in addition to uncultured crenarchaeal phylotypes obtained from deep subsurface sites. These observations of microbial communities within an active hydrothermal chimney provide insight into the microbial ecology within such structures and may facilitate follow-up exploration into expanding the known upper temperature limits of life.