Monitoring, management, and mitigation of Karenia blooms in the eastern Gulf of Mexico
Monitoring, management, and mitigation of Karenia blooms in the eastern Gulf of Mexico
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DOI：
10.1016/j.hal.2008.11.006
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发表时间：
2009-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Steidinger, Karen A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Heil, Cynthia A.;Steidinger, Karen A.
墨西哥湾东部有毒腰鞭毛虫晚期Karenia brevis的年度水华是最可预测的全球有害藻华事件之一，但仍然是最难有效监测人类和环境健康的有害藻华。监测Karenia花是必要的各种预防，管理和预测的目的。这些措施包括保护公众健康，使其不接触烟雾状短尾轮虫毒素和食用有毒贝类，保护和管理环境资源，防止与水华有关的经济损失，以及评价长期生态系统趋势和用于未来可能的水华预测和预报目的。Karenia监测的多用途性质、发生水华的大面积、Karenia细胞浓度的大范围（从5 × 10（3）细胞L-1到>1 × 10（6）细胞L-1），在这些范围内可能会产生多重水华影响，以及资源和水华生态学知识的局限性，使短角叉藻监测、缓解和管理战略复杂化。历史上，K。在佛罗里达，根据事件反应，对短枝藻水华进行了非正式和间歇性监测，通常是在注意到影响（例如鱼类死亡、海洋哺乳动物死亡、呼吸道刺激）后的水华后期，以及在有资源的情况下。不同K.短水华阶段仍然是预测人类健康影响的最实用的方法，并且目前由佛罗里达州通过来自州协调的志愿HAB监测计划的水样品的直接显微镜计数来实现。K.每周绘制短细胞浓度图，并通过电子邮件、网络和免费电话号码传播给利益相关者，并提供给佛罗里达农业和消费者服务部（FDACS），用于管理佛罗里达的娱乐和商业贝类床，并提供给国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA），用于验证NOAA墨西哥湾HAB公告，以提供给环境管理人员。然而，有效监测和管理Karenia水华仍然存在许多挑战，包括对与水华相关的各种潜在人类和环境影响进行特定影响的监测，及时检测近海水华的发生，对通常覆盖多个州边界的大地理范围的水华进行采样，以及涉及除K之外的多种Karenia物种。brevis（其中几种尚未被分离和描述）具有未知的毒素谱。目前正在开发的各种光学、分子和混合Karenia检测技术的实施和整合成为适当的监管和非监管监测格式是另一个独特的挑战。(C)2008 Elsevier B. V.保留所有权利。
Annual blooms of the toxic dinoflagel late Karenia brevis in the eastern Gulf of Mexico represent one of the most predictable global harmful algal bloom (HAB) events, yet remain amongst the most difficult HABs to effectively monitor for human and environmental health. Monitoring of Karenia blooms is necessary for a variety of precautionary, management and predictive purposes. These include the protection of public health from exposure to aerosolized brevetoxins and the consumption of toxic shellfish, the protection and management of environmental resources, the prevention of bloom associated economic losses, and the evaluation of long term ecosystem trends and for potential future bloom forecasting and prediction purposes. The multipurpose nature of Karenia monitoring, the large areas over which blooms occur, the large range of Karenia cell concentrations (from 5 X 10(3) cells L-1 to >1 X 10(6) cells L-1) over which multiple bloom impacts are possible, and limitations in resources and knowledge of bloom ecology have complicated X brevis monitoring, mitigation and management strategies. Historically, K. brevis blooms were informally and intermittently monitored on an event response basis in Florida, usually in the later bloom stages after impacts (e.g. fish kills, marine mammal mortalities, respiratory irritation) were noted and when resources were available. Monitoring of different K. brevis bloom stages remains the most practical method for predicting human health impacts and is currently accomplished by the state of Florida via direct microscopic counts of water samples from a state coordinated volunteer HAB monitoring program. K. brevis cell concentrations are mapped weekly and disseminated to stakeholders via e-mail, web and toll-free phone numbers and provided to Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) for management of both recreational and commercial shellfish beds in Florida and to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for validation of the NOAA Gulf of Mexico HAB bulletin for provision to environmental managers. Many challenges remain for effective monitoring and management of Karenia blooms, however, including incorporating impact specific monitoring for the diverse array of potential human and environmental impacts associated with blooms, timely detection of offshore bloom initiation, sampling of the large geographic extent of blooms which often covers multiple state boundaries, and the involvement of multiple Karenia species other than K. brevis (several of which have yet to be isolated and described) with unknown toxin profiles. The implementation and integration of a diverse array of optical, molecular and hybrid Karenia detection technologies currently under development into appropriate regulatory and non-regulatory monitoring formats represents a further unique challenge. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.