Management of catchments for the protection of water resources: drawing on the New York City watershed experience
Management of catchments for the protection of water resources: drawing on the New York City watershed experience
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DOI：
10.1007/s10113-009-0102-z
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发表时间：
2010-12
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Laurence Smith;K. Porter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Laurence Smith;K. Porter
集水区管理的主要目的是建立具有成本效益的水资源分配和使用方法，并最有效地采取措施保护集水区产生的水的数量和质量。对于后一种目的，扩散污染源是最大的困难。扩散（或非点源）水污染对公共政策提出了挑战，需要创新的管理方法。解决方案最终需要行为改变和广泛的社会反应，并且必须灵活并适应随机的流域条件和长期趋势。在国际上，正在发展解决困难的土地和水资源管理问题的新的管理模式。本文回顾了“邪恶”环境管理问题的特点以及扩散水污染带来的具体政策挑战。制定了一个行动框架，并与纽约市流域的水保护活动和成果进行了比较。迄今为止在这方面取得的成功表明，由于土地管理和扩散污染源具有地方基础，因此从源头上保护水资源需要促进地方手段，以便在多层次伙伴关系和有利的监管环境的支持下，采用一种适应性和双轨战略，即应用研究和利益攸关方审议。尽管这是一个长期的案例，但仅凭这个案例的证据不足以确定水保护与流域社区的经济活力之间的潜在权衡是否可以得到充分解决。
Primary purposes for catchment management are to establish a cost-effective allocation and use of its water resources and to most effectively apply measures to protect the quantity and quality of the water produced by the catchment. For the latter purpose, diffuse sources of contamination are the greatest difficulty. Diffuse (or non-point source) water pollution poses challenges for public policy and requires innovative management approaches. Solutions ultimately require behavioural change and a broad societal response, and must be flexible and adaptive to stochastic catchment conditions and to long-term trends. Internationally, new models of governance for difficult land and water resource management problems are developing. This paper reviews the characteristics of ‘wicked’ environmental management problems and the specific policy challenges posed by diffuse water pollution. A framework for action is derived and compared to the activities and outcomes of water protection in the New York City watershed. Successes to date in this case indicate that because land management and diffuse sources of pollution have a local basis, protection of water at source necessitates the fostering of local instruments for an adaptive and twin-track strategy of applied research and stakeholder deliberation, supported by multi-level partnerships and an enabling regulatory environment. Although long running, evidence from this case alone is insufficient to establish whether potential trade-offs between water protection and the economic vitality of catchment communities can be fully resolved.