From SARS coronavirus to novel animal and human coronaviruses
From SARS coronavirus to novel animal and human coronaviruses
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DOI：
10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.06.02
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发表时间：
2013-08-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Yuen, Kwok-Yung
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
To, Kelvin K. W.;Hung, Ivan F. N.;Yuen, Kwok-Yung
2003年，严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）造成了发达国家已知的最具破坏性的流行病之一。这次疫情给我们带来了两个重要教训。首先，除流感病毒外，冠状病毒可引起严重和迅速传播的人类感染。其次，蝙蝠可以作为人类致命病毒的来源和天然动物宿主。从那时起，世界各地的研究人员，特别是首次发现sars冠状病毒的亚洲研究人员，已将重点转向寻找感染人类、蝙蝠和其他动物的新型冠状病毒。两种人类冠状病毒HCoV-HKU1和HCoV-NL63在sars冠状病毒流行后不久被确定为人类呼吸道感染的常见原因。2012年，一种新的人类冠状病毒，现在被称为中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV），在中东出现，在三大洲造成致命的人类感染。中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒人类感染与sars冠状病毒相似，具有高致死率和人际传播能力，导致密切接触者（包括没有中东旅行史的医护人员）出现继发性病例。这两种病毒也与蝙蝠冠状病毒有密切关系。人类感染中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒的新病例继续发生，在许多病例中，病毒的来源仍然未知。控制这一不断演变的中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒疫情需要采取多方面的方法。确定传染源需要对受感染患者进行详细的流行病学研究，并加强对中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒或人类和动物中类似冠状病毒的监测。对受感染患者的早期诊断和适当的感染控制措施将限制医院内的传播，而如果像SARS流行病那样无法控制，则可能需要采取社会距离策略来控制社区内的爆发。
In 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused one of the most devastating epidemics known to the developed world. There were two important lessons from this epidemic. Firstly, coronaviruses, in addition to influenza viruses, can cause severe and rapidly spreading human infections. Secondly, bats can serve as the origin and natural animal reservoir of deadly human viruses. Since then, researchers around the world, especially those in Asia where SARS-CoV was first identified, have turned their focus to find novel coronaviruses infecting humans, bats, and other animals. Two human coronaviruses, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63, were identified shortly after the SARS-CoV epidemic as common causes of human respiratory tract infections. In 2012, a novel human coronavirus, now called Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has emerged in the Middle East to cause fatal human infections in three continents. MERS-CoV human infection is similar to SARS-CoV in having a high fatality rate and the ability to spread from person to person which resulted in secondary cases among close contacts including healthcare workers without travel history to the Middle East. Both viruses also have close relationships with bat coronaviruses. New cases of MERS-CoV infection in humans continue to occur with the origins of the virus still unknown in many cases. A multifaceted approach is necessary to control this evolving MERS-CoV outbreak. Source identification requires detailed epidemiological studies of the infected patients and enhanced surveillance of MERS-CoV or similar coronaviruses in humans and animals. Early diagnosis of infected patients and appropriate infection control measures will limit the spread in hospitals, while social distancing strategies may be necessary to control the outbreak in communities if it remained uncontrolled as in the SARS epidemic.