Current trends of rubber plantation expansion may threaten biodiversity and livelihoods
Current trends of rubber plantation expansion may threaten biodiversity and livelihoods
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DOI：
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.002
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发表时间：
2015-09-01
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Xu, Jianchu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ahrends, Antje;Hollingsworth, Peter M.;Xu, Jianchu
新千年的第一个十年见证了橡胶价格的繁荣。这导致东南亚大陆迅速而广泛地将土地转化为单一种植橡胶园，自2000年以来，天然橡胶产量增加了50%以上。本文结合环境数据和橡胶种植园绩效报告，分析了2005年至2010年间橡胶的后续传播。我们表明，橡胶已种植到越来越次优的环境。目前，72%的种植园面积位于可能减产的环境边缘地带。据估计，57%的地区易受水资源不足、侵蚀、霜冻或风害的影响，所有这些都可能使橡胶生产长期不可持续。2013年，仅在越南，台风就摧毁了价值超过2.5亿美元的橡胶种植园，未来的气候变化可能会导致目前和预测未来橡胶种植园面积的环境边缘化净加剧。新的橡胶种植园也经常建在对生物多样性保护和生态功能十分重要的土地上。例如，2005年至2010年间，>2500 km（2）的自然树木覆盖面积和610 km（2）的保护区被改造为种植园。总的来说，向边缘地区的扩张可能会造成损失-损失情景：清除高生物多样性价值的土地，用于经济上不可持续的种植园，这些种植园不适应当地条件，改变景观功能（如水文、侵蚀）-最终危及生计，特别是当橡胶价格下跌时。(C)2015爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
The first decade of the new millennium saw a boom in rubber prices. This led to rapid and widespread land conversion to monoculture rubber plantations in continental SE Asia, where natural rubber production has increased >50% since 2000. Here, we analyze the subsequent spread of rubber between 2005 and 2010 in combination with environmental data and reports on rubber plantation performance. We show that rubber has been planted into increasingly sub-optimal environments. Currently, 72% of plantation area is in environmentally marginal zones where reduced yields are likely. An estimated 57% of the area is susceptible to insufficient water availability, erosion, frost, or wind damage, all of which may make long-term rubber production unsustainable. In 2013 typhoons destroyed plantations worth US$ >250 million in Vietnam alone, and future climate change is likely to lead to a net exacerbation of environmental marginality for both current and predicted future rubber plantation area. New rubber plantations are also frequently placed on lands that are important for biodiversity conservation and ecological functions. For example, between 2005 and 2010 >2500 km(2) of natural tree cover and 610 km(2) of protected areas were converted to plantations. Overall, expansion into marginal areas creates potential for loss-loss scenarios: clearing of high-biodiversity value land for economically unsustainable plantations that are poorly adapted to local conditions and alter landscape functions (e.g. hydrology, erosion) - ultimately compromising livelihoods, particularly when rubber prices fall. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.