Neurotoxicants, Micronutrients, and Social Environments: Individual and Combined Effects on Children's Development.
Neurotoxicants, Micronutrients, and Social Environments: Individual and Combined Effects on Children's Development.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1529-1006.2005.00024.x
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发表时间：
2005-12-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bellinger, David C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hubbs-Tait, Laura;Nation, Jack R;Bellinger, David C
-评估神经毒物、微量营养素和社会环境对儿童认知和行为的单独和相互作用的影响的系统研究最近才开始。多年来广泛的人类流行病学和动物实验研究证明，铅和其他金属对神经系统的有害影响。然而，人类研究之间以及动物和人类研究之间的差异突显了儿童营养以及儿童环境的社会和行为方面的差异的重要性，这些方面缓解或加剧了神经毒物的影响。在这本专著中，我们回顾了关于神经毒性金属、营养物质和社会环境的影响以及这三个领域相互作用的现有研究。我们从扩散、流行病学、实验动物研究、社会环境的影响和营养的影响等方面考察了有关铅、汞、锰和镉的文献。记录铅对认知和行为的负面影响的研究影响了疾病控制中心儿童铅筛查指南的减少，从1975年的每分升30微克(微克/分升)减少到1985年的25微克/分升，1991年减少到10微克/分升。目前正在考虑进一步削减。实验动物研究文献显示，谷氨酸-神经递质(尤其是N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸)活性的改变对学习和记忆至关重要。此外，铅还能引起胆碱能和多巴胺能活动的改变。血液中铅浓度升高在生活贫困的儿童中更为常见，有一些证据表明，社会经济状况会影响铅与儿童结局之间的联系。影响铅效果的微量营养素包括铁和锌。记录汞对儿童(以及成人)负面影响的研究得出的参考剂量(RfD)为每天每公斤体重0.1微克(MUG/KG/DAY)。在动物研究中，汞干扰谷氨酸能、胆碱能和多巴胺能活动。尽管汞与儿童社交环境相互作用的证据很少，但研究人员正在研究汞与几种营养物质的相互作用。关于镉和锰对儿童认知和行为影响的研究才刚刚开始。实验动物研究表明，镉与学习障碍有关，锰与帕金森氏症的行为特征有关，两者都与多巴胺能功能改变有关。我们以政策影响的讨论结束我们的审查，我们建议进行跨学科研究，使我们能够弥合领域内和领域之间的差距。
-Systematic research evaluating the separate and interacting impacts of neurotoxicants, micronutrients, and social environments on children's cognition and behavior has only recently been initiated. Years of extensive human epidemiologic and animal experimental research document the deleterious impact of lead and other metals on the nervous system. However, discrepancies among human studies and between animal and human studies underscore the importance of variations in child nutrition as well as social and behavioral aspects of children's environments that mitigate or exacerbate the effects of neurotoxicants. In this monograph, we review existing research on the impact of neurotoxic metals, nutrients, and social environments and interactions across the three domains. We examine the literature on lead, mercury, manganese, and cadmium in terms of dispersal, epidemiology, experimental animal studies, effects of social environments, and effects of nutrition. Research documenting the negative impact of lead on cognition and behavior influenced reductions by the Center for Disease Control in child lead-screening guidelines from 30 micrograms per deciliter (mug/dL) in 1975 to 25 mug/dL in 1985 and to 10 mug/dL in 1991. A further reduction is currently being considered. Experimental animal research documents lead's alteration of glutamate-neurotransmitter (particularly N-methyl-D-aspartate) activity vital to learning and memory. In addition, lead induces changes in cholinergic and dopaminergic activity. Elevated lead concentrations in the blood are more common among children living in poverty and there is some evidence that socioeconomic status influences associations between lead and child outcomes. Micronutrients that influence the effects of lead include iron and zinc. Research documenting the negative impact of mercury on children (as well as adults) has resulted in a reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 microgram per kilogram of body weight per day (mug/kg/day). In animal studies, mercury interferes with glutamatergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic activity. Although evidence for interactions of mercury with children's social contexts is minimal, researchers are examining interactions of mercury with several nutrients. Research on the effects of cadmium and manganese on child cognition and behavior is just beginning. Experimental animal research links cadmium to learning deficits, manganese to behaviors characteristic of Parkinson's disease, and both to altered dopaminergic functioning. We close our review with a discussion of policy implications, and we recommend interdisciplinary research that will enable us to bridge gaps within and across domains.