Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications
Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications
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发表时间：
2006-02
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通讯作者：
Eric B. Shiraev;D. Levy
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作者：
Eric B. Shiraev;D. Levy
所有章节均以“章节摘要”、“关键术语词汇表”和“建议阅读”结尾。 1.了解跨文化心理学。什么是跨文化心理学？基本定义。文化的实证检验。集体主义和个人主义：进一步研究。文化综合症。社会生物学方法。社会学方法。生态文化方法。文化混合方法：21 世纪新的跨文化心理学？综合方法：总结。什么是本土心理学？什么是民族中心主义？什么是多元文化主义？该领域简史。 2. 跨文化研究方法论。跨文化研究的目标。跨文化心理学的定量研究。定量方法：测量尺度。定量方法：寻找联系和差异。跨文化心理学的定性方法。准备跨文化研究的主要步骤。样本选择。跨文化心理学观察。调查方法。实验研究。荟萃分析：研究中的研究。跨文化研究的一个隐藏障碍：测试翻译。比较两种现象：一些重要原则。关于异同：一些批判性思维的应用。文化二分法：差异比人们想象的要少。文化二分法：差异比人们想象的要多。避免一概而论的偏见。了解更多关于您所考察的文化！ 3.跨文化心理学中的批判性思维。语言的评价偏差：描述就是规定。区分二分变量和连续变量：黑与白，还是灰色阴影？相似性-唯一性悖论：所有现象既相似又不同。巴纳姆效应：“一刀切”的描述。同化偏见：通过图式有色眼镜看世界。代表性偏差：分类的适合与不适合。可用性偏差：生动事件的说服力。基本归因错误：低估外部影响的影响。自我实现的预言：当期望创造现实。相关性并不能证明因果关系：混淆“什么”与“为什么”。双向因果关系和多重因果关系：因果循环和复合路径。自然主义谬误：模糊“是”和“应该”之间的界限。信念坚持效应：“别用事实来迷惑我！”结论：“元思考还是不元思考？” 4. 认知、感觉和知觉以及意识状态。感觉和知觉：基本原则。感觉与大脑：基本通用途径。文化如何影响我们的感知。人们如何看待描述。深度感知。绘画的一些文化模式。对颜色的感知。其他感官。对时间的感知。对美的感知。对音乐的感知。意识与文化。睡眠和梦的文化意义。超越意识状态的改变。 5.情报。定义情报。智商分数的种族差异。解释测试分数的群体差异：智力和智能行为。生物因素有助于智力吗？测试的不兼容性：文化偏见。环境与智能。社会经济因素。家庭因素。 “自然选择”和智商分数？认知的文化价值。一般认知：什么是“底层”智力？认知技能、学校成绩和教育系统。文化、测试和动机。智商、文化和社会正义。 6.情感。当我们笑时，我们很快乐：情感体验的相似之处。如果你从未受过伤害，你就无法解释疼痛：情感体验的差异。情绪：不同还是普遍？生理唤醒。先前事件的意义。情感作为一种评价。人们如何评估情感体验。当情绪发出挑战时：压力的跨文化研究。情感的表达。当情绪受到伤害时：愤怒的跨文化研究。情感和行动倾向。情感与判断。 7. 动机和行为。社会生物学：进化论一瞥。社会科学：首先看社会。内驱力和唤醒：两种通用的动机机制。无意识的力量：精神分析。学习和动机：认知理论。胡萝卜和牛舌：饥饿和食物偏好。当饥饿造成痛苦时：饮食失调。胜利与和谐：成就动机。攻击性动机和暴力。文化与性。性和性别认同障碍。性与性行为：一些跨文化的相似之处。 8. 人类发展和社会化。发展和社会化。生活质量和儿童的发展。规范、习俗和儿童保育。父母的价值观和期望。埃里克·H·埃里克森（Erik H. Erikson）的《心理社会发展阶段》。让·皮亚杰：认知发展的阶段。科尔伯格认为道德发展的阶段。发展阶段。出生前的生活：产前期。第一步：婴儿期。探索世界：童年。主要排练：青春期。成年期。成年晚期。 9. 精神障碍。美国背景：DSM-IV。关于文化和精神病理学的两种观点。中枢和外周症状。环境、文化和心理健康。精神分裂症。抑郁症。文化与自杀。焦虑症。失智。注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）。人格障碍。药物滥用是否受文化限制？心理诊断偏差。心理治疗。文化匹配？ 10. 社会感知和社会认知。态度的本质。价值观。西方和非西方价值观。争取一致性：认知平衡理论。避免不一致：认知失调。心理教条主义。社会归因。归因作为控制点。解释他人的行为。成功和失败的归因。自我认知。社会规范会影响我们看待自己体重的方式吗？个人主义和集体主义文化中的责任和公平。刻板印象和概括的力量。 11. 社交互动。普遍互动：角色、规范和领域行为。直接联系和沟通。一致性。顺从是跨文化的普遍现象吗？遵循命令。社会影响力。对某些观点感觉良好。社会懒惰现象普遍存在吗？合作与竞争。领导者：天生还是后天？ 12.应用跨文化心理学：一些亮点。跨文化心理学和医疗决策。偏见：这是不可避免的吗？跨文化心理学和谈判。日常生活中的刻板印象。文化适应压力。文化和认知测试。政治候选人的种族和看法。移民和移民。跨文化心理学和人权。文化、种族和平等观。歧视和少数群体地位。多元文化主义和宗教：校园背景。结论。附录。参考。引文的作者。
All chapters conclude with "Chapter Summary," "Glossary of Key Terms," and "Suggested Readings." 1. Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology. What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology? Basic Definitions. Empirical Examination of Culture. Collectivism and Individualism: Further Research. Cultural Syndromes. Sociobiological Approach. Sociological Approach. Ecocultural Approach. The Cultural Mixtures Approach: A New Cross-Cultural Psychology in the 21st Century? The Integrative Approach: A Summary. What Is Indigenous Psychology? What Is Ethnocentrism? What Is Multiculturalism? A Brief History of the Field. 2. Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research. Goals of Cross-Cultural Research. Quantitative Research in Cross-Cultural Psychology. Quantitative Approach: Measurement Scales. Quantitative Approach: Looking for Linkages and Differences. Qualitative Approach in Cross-Cultural Psychology. Major Steps for Preparation of a Cross-Cultural Study. Sample Selection. Observation in Cross-Cultural Psychology. Survey Methods. Experimental Studies. Meta-Analysis: Research of Research. A Hidden Obstacle of Cross-Cultural Studies: Test Translation. Comparing Two Phenomena: Some Important Principles. On Similarities and Differences: Some Critical Thinking Applications. Cultural Dichotomies: There Are Fewer Differences Than One Might Think. Cultural Dichotomies: There Are More Differences Than One Might Expect. Avoiding Bias of Generalizations. Know More About Cultures You Examine! 3. Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology. The Evaluative Bias of Language: To Describe Is to Prescribe. Differentiating Dichotomous Variables and Continuous Variables: Black and White, or Shades of Grey? The Similarity-Uniqueness Paradox: All Phenomena Are Both Similar and Different. The Barnum Effect: "One Size-Fits-All" Descriptions. The Assimilation Bias: Viewing the World through Schema-Colored Glasses. The Representativeness Bias: Fits and Misfits of Categorization. The Availability Bias: The Persuasive Power of Vivid Events. The Fundamental Attribution Error: Underestimating the Impact of External Influences. The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: When Expectations Create Reality. Correlation Does Not Prove Causation: Confusing "What" with "Why." Bi-Directional Causation and Multiple Causation: Causal Loops and Compound Pathways. The Naturalistic Fallacy: Blurring the Line Between "Is" and "Should." The Belief Perseverance Effect: "Don't Confuse Me with the Facts! " Conclusions: "To Metathink or Not to Metathink?" 4. Cognition, Sensation and Perception, and States of Consciousness. Sensation and Perception: Basic Principles. Sensation and the Brain: Basic Universal Pathways. How Culture Influences What We Perceive. How People Perceive Depictions. Perception of Depth. Some Cultural Patterns of Drawing Pictures. Perception of Color. Other Senses. Perception of Time. Perception of the Beautiful. Perception of Music. Consciousness and Culture. Sleep and Cultural Significance of Dreams. Beyond Altered States of Consciousness. 5. Intelligence. Defining Intelligence. Ethnic Differences in IQ Scores. Explaining Group Differences in Test Scores: Intelligence and Intelligent Behavior. Do Biological Factors Contribute to Intelligence? Incompatibility of Tests: Cultural Biases. Environment and Intelligence. Socioeconomic Factors. The Family Factor. 'Natural Selection' and IQ Scores? Cultural Values of Cognition. General Cognition: What Is 'Underneath' Intelligence? Cognitive Skills, School Grades, and Educational Systems. Culture, Tests, and Motivation. IQ, Culture, and Social Justice. 6. Emotion. When We Laugh We Are Happy: Similarities of Emotional Experience. You Cannot Explain Pain if You Have Never Been Hurt: Differences in Emotional Experience. Emotions: Different or Universal? Physiological Arousal. The Meaning of Preceding Events. Emotion as an Evaluation. How People Assess Emotional Experience. When Emotions Signal a Challenge: Cross-Cultural Research on Stress. Expression of Emotion. When Emotion Hurts: Cross-Cultural Studies of Anger. Emotion and Inclination to Act. Emotion and Judgment. 7. Motivation and Behavior. Sociobiology: A Glance into Evolution. Social Science: See the Society First. Drive and Arousal: Two Universal Mechanisms of Motivation. The Power of the Unconscious: Psychoanalysis. Learning and Motivation: Cognitive Theories. A Carrot and a Beef Tongue: Hunger and Food Preference. When Hunger Causes Distress: Eating Disorders. Victory and Harmony: Achievement Motivation. Aggressive Motivation and Violence. Culture and Sexuality. Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders. Sex and Sexuality: Some Cross-Cultural Similarities. 8. Human Development and Socialization. Development and Socialization. Quality of Life and the Child's Development. Norms, Customs, and Child-Care. Parental Values and Expectations. Erik H. Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. Jean Piaget: Stages of Cognitive Development. Stages of Moral Development According to Kohlberg. Developmental Stages. Life Before Birth: Prenatal Period. First Steps: Infancy. Discovering the World: Childhood. Major Rehearsals: Adolescence. Adulthood. Late Adulthood. 9. Mental Disorders. American Background: DSM-IV. Two Views on Culture and Psychopathology. Central and Peripheral Symptoms. Environment, Culture, and Mental Health. Schizophrenia. Depressive Disorders. Culture and Suicide. Anxiety Disorders. Dementia. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Personality Disorders. Is Substance Abuse Culturally Bound? Psychodiagnostic Biases. Psychotherapy. Culture Match? 10. Social Perception and Social Cognition. The Nature of Attitude. Values. Western and Non-Western Values. Striving for Consistency: The Cognitive Balance Theory. Avoiding Inconsistency: Cognitive Dissonance. Psychological Dogmatism. Social Attribution. Attribution as Locus of Control. Explaining the Behavior of Others. Attribution of Success and Failure. Self-Perception. Do Social Norms Affect the Way We See Our Own Body Weight? Duty and Fairness in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures. Stereotypes and the Power of Generalizations. 11. Social Interaction. Universal Interaction: Roles, Norms, and Territorial Behavior. Direct Contacts and Communication. Conformity. Is Conformity Universal across Cultures? Following Orders. Social Influence. Feeling Good about Some Views. Is Social Loafing Universal? Cooperation and Competition. Leaders: Born or Bred? 12. Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights. Cross-Cultural Psychology and Medical Decisions. Prejudice: Is It Inevitable? Cross-Cultural Psychology and Negotiations. Stereotypes in Daily Life. Acculturative Stress. Culture and Cognitive Tests. Race and Perception of Political Candidates. Immigration and Immigrants. Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Rights. Culture, Ethnicity, and Views on Equality. Discrimination and Minority Status. Multiculturalism and Religion: A Campus Context. Conclusion. Appendixes. References. Authors of Quotations.