Evolution of homeobox genes
Evolution of homeobox genes
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DOI：
10.1002/wdev.78
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发表时间：
2013-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Holland, Peter W. H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Holland, Peter W. H.
许多同源异型盒基因编码的转录因子在动物和植物的发育过程中起调控作用。同源异型盒基因存在于几乎所有的真核生物中，在动物进化中已分化为11个基因类和100多个基因家族，在植物中分化为10 ~ 14个基因类。动物中最大的组是ANTP类，其包括众所周知的Hox基因，加上与发育有关的其他基因，包括ParaHox（Cdx，Xlox，Gsx），Evx，Dlx，En，NK 4，NK 3，Msx和Nanog。基因组数据表明，ANTP类通过广泛的串联重复多样化，以产生大量的基因，包括NK基因簇和假设的ProtoHox基因簇，其复制产生Hox和ParaHox基因。表达和功能数据表明，NK，Hox和ParaHox基因簇获得不同的作用，图案中胚层，神经系统和肠道。PRD类也是多样的，包括Pax 2/5/8、Pax 3/7、Pax 4/6、Gsc、Hesx、Otx、Otp和Pitx基因。PRD基因通常不排列在古老的基因组簇中，尽管Dux、Obox和Rhox基因簇在哺乳动物进化中出现，就像几个非簇的PRD基因一样。串联重复和基因组重复增加了同源异型盒基因的数量，可能有助于发育复杂性的进化，但同源异型盒基因的丢失也不容忽视。同源异型盒基因表达的进化变化也被记录在案，包括Hox基因表达模式与脊椎动物和甲壳类动物的节段多样化一致，以及骨盆减少的棘鱼中Pitx 1基因增强子的缺失。(C)2012 Wiley Periodicals，Inc.
Many homeobox genes encode transcription factors with regulatory roles in animal and plant development. Homeobox genes are found in almost all eukaryotes, and have diversified into 11 gene classes and over 100 gene families in animal evolution, and 10 to 14 gene classes in plants. The largest group in animals is the ANTP class which includes the well-known Hox genes, plus other genes implicated in development including ParaHox (Cdx, Xlox, Gsx), Evx, Dlx, En, NK4, NK3, Msx, and Nanog. Genomic data suggest that the ANTP class diversified by extensive tandem duplication to generate a large array of genes, including an NK gene cluster and a hypothetical ProtoHox gene cluster that duplicated to generate Hox and ParaHox genes. Expression and functional data suggest that NK, Hox, and ParaHox gene clusters acquired distinct roles in patterning the mesoderm, nervous system, and gut. The PRD class is also diverse and includes Pax2/5/8, Pax3/7, Pax4/6, Gsc, Hesx, Otx, Otp, and Pitx genes. PRD genes are not generally arranged in ancient genomic clusters, although the Dux, Obox, and Rhox gene clusters arose in mammalian evolution as did several non-clustered PRD genes. Tandem duplication and genome duplication expanded the number of homeobox genes, possibly contributing to the evolution of developmental complexity, but homeobox gene loss must not be ignored. Evolutionary changes to homeobox gene expression have also been documented, including Hox gene expression patterns shifting in concert with segmental diversification in vertebrates and crustaceans, and deletion of a Pitx1 gene enhancer in pelvic-reduced sticklebacks. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.