Traditional Masculinity and Femininity: Validation of a New Scale Assessing Gender Roles
Traditional Masculinity and Femininity: Validation of a New Scale Assessing Gender Roles
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00956
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发表时间：
2016-07-05
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Niedlich, Claudia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kachel, Sven;Steffens, Melanie C.;Niedlich, Claudia
性别刻板印象理论表明，男性通常被认为比女性更有男子气概，而女性通常被认为比男性更女性化。已经制定了几个量表来衡量性别陈规定型观念的基本方面(例如，机构和交流、能力和热情，或工具性和表现力)。尽管在后来的版本中被省略了，但本姆最初的性别角色清单除了包括更具体的性别刻板印象属性外，还包括男性和女性项目。我们认为，能够以可靠、有效和简约的方式衡量这两个核心概念是有用的。我们引入了一个新的简单的量表，传统的男性-女性(TMF)量表，旨在评估自我归因于男性的核心方面-女性气质。12项研究使用已知群体的方法(参与者在性别和性取向上不同)来验证该量表，并提供其趋同效度的证据。正如预期的那样，TMF可靠地测量了一维男性-女性气质结构。此外，TMF与其他与性别相关的指标具有适度的相关性。TMF证明了递增的有效性，它以更好的方式预测了性别和性取向，而不是现有的基于形容词的衡量标准。此外，TMF与标准特征有关，例如整个样本的外行人判断为异性恋，女性次样本的音调特征，以及男性次样本与男同性恋者的接触，并优于其他与性别相关的量表。总而言之，只要性别差异继续存在，我们建议TMF为性别刻板印象的研究提供了一个有价值的方法补充。
Gender stereotype theory suggests that men are generally perceived as more masculine than women, whereas women are generally perceived as more feminine than men. Several scales have been developed to measure fundamental aspects of gender stereotypes (e.g., agency and communion, competence and warmth, or instrumentality and expressivity). Although omitted in later version, Bem's original Sex Role Inventory included the items masculine and feminine in addition to more specific gender-stereotypical attributes. We argue that it is useful to be able to measure these two core concepts in a reliable, valid, and parsimonious way. We introduce a new and brief scale, the Traditional Masculinity-Femininity (TMF) scale, designed to assess central facets of self-ascribed masculinity-femininity. Studies 12 used known-groups approaches (participants differing in gender and sexual orientation) to validate the scale and provide evidence of its convergent validity. As expected the TMF reliably measured a one-dimensional masculinity-femininity construct. Moreover, the TMF correlated moderately with other gender-related measures. Demonstrating incremental validity, the TMF predicted gender and sexual orientation in a superior way than established adjective-based measures. Furthermore, the TMF was connected to criterion characteristics, such as judgments as straight by laypersons for the whole sample, voice pitch characteristics for the female subsample, and contact to gay men for the male subsample, and outperformed other gender-related scales. Taken together, as long as gender differences continue to exist, we suggest that the TMF provides a valuable methodological addition for research into gender stereotypes.