The Temporal System in Japanese
The Temporal System in Japanese
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日语的时间系统
DOI：
10.1007/978-94-011-5272-3_4
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
T. Gunji
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Y. Igarashi;T. Gunji
时体是语言学中最基本、最复杂的研究领域之一。因此，日语动词（al）s的时间属性也吸引了传统语言学和生成语言学的大量关注（仅举两例，见Kindaichi 1976和Inoue 1976）。然而，大多数以前的处理方法要么是非正式的，要么是基于只给出直观描述的原语，如说话者的主观判断或物体保持持续状态的趋势。目前的分析试图提供一种替代分析。它的目的是推导出许多观察到的现象有关的时间属性的动词在少数的原始概念，可以有自然和更客观的解释。尽管这些概念在本质上是前理论的，在某种意义上说，它们可以被纳入任何形式的语法理论，并为描述日语动词的时间属性提供了形式基础，我们试图把它放在前面几章讨论过的基于约束的语法形式主义中。基于约束的语法研究方法的便利性有助于阐明语法结构各方面之间的关系。特别是，特征值之间的统一将在下文中给出形式化的语法描述中发挥关键作用。在下一节中，我们介绍了原词汇的概念，这是与通常的词汇在这样一种方式，词项是从原词项取决于什么样的“观点”采取。原型词汇项与一组时间参数相关联，这为确定与派生词汇项相关联的视图提供了基础。因此，视图对应于事件持续时间的一部分，其可以通过原型词汇项（作为词汇项）的各种使用来描述。变视动词可以改变词项的原始视图，它将焦点放在动词时间属性的特定部分。其中一些改变观点的动词将在后面讨论。方面被定义为由特定方面词素固定的视图。
Tense and aspect are among the most fundamental and complicated fields of research in linguistics. Thus temporal properties of Japanese verb (al) s have also attracted a lot of attention in traditional and generative linguistics (see Kindaichi 1976 and Inoue 1976, to name just two). Most of the previous treatments were, however, either informal in nature or based on primitives that were given only intuitionistic descriptions, such as subjective judgments of the speaker or the tendency of an object to keep the ongoing status. The current analysis attempts to offer an alternative analysis.! Its objective is to derive many of the observed phenomena concerning temporal properties of verbs in terms of a handful of primitive concepts that can have natural and more objective interpretations. Even though these concepts are pretheoretic in nature, in the sense that they could be incorporated in any formal grammatical theory and provide a formal basis for describing temporal properties of Japanese verbs, we try to cast it in the constraint-based grammar formalism as has been discussed in the preceding chapters. The facilities of constraint-based approaches to grammar are useful in stating the relationships among various aspects of grammatical constructions. In particular, unification among feature values will play crucial roles in giving formal grammatical description in the following. In the next section, we introduce the concept of proto-lexicon, which is related to the usual lexicon in such a way that lexical items are derived from protolexical items depending on what kind of" views" are taken. Proto-lexical items are associated with a set of temporal parameters, which provides the basis for determining views that are associated with the derived lexical items. Thus, a view corresponds to a portion of the duration of an event that could be described by various uses of the proto-lexical item (as lexical items). The original view of a lexical item can be changed by view-changing verbals, which put a focus on some specific part of the temporal properties of a verb. Some of these view-changing verbals will be discussed later. Aspects are defined to be views fixed by specific aspectual morphemes.