Estrogenic effects of effluents from sewage treatment works.
Estrogenic effects of effluents from sewage treatment works.
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DOI：
10.1080/02757549408038554
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发表时间：
1994-01-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Sumpter, J.P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Purdom, C.E.;Hardiman, P.A.;Sumpter, J.P.
污水处理厂的泻湖中出现了雌雄同体的鱼类，这使我们推测污水中可能含有一种或多种对鱼类有雌激素作用的物质。为了验证这一假设，我们将装有虹鳟鱼的网箱放入污水处理厂的废水中，一到三周后测量了鱼血浆中卵黄蛋白原的浓度。卵黄蛋白原是卵生鱼肝脏响应雌二醇刺激而合成的一种蛋白质；然后它通过血液输送到卵巢，在那里被卵母细胞隔离形成蛋黄。因此，血浆中卵黄蛋白原的存在表明雌激素对肝脏的刺激。在污水处理厂进行的一项初步研究表明，当废水中保留鳟鱼时，血浆卵黄蛋白原浓度迅速且非常显着地上升（三周内增加了 1000 倍以上）。随后进行了一项广泛的全国调查。结果是从分布在英格兰各地的十五个污水处理厂获得的。在所有情况下，鳟鱼接触污水都会导致血浆卵黄蛋白原浓度显着增加（500至100,000倍，取决于地点）。在鲤鱼中也观察到卵黄发生的诱导，但程度比鳟鱼小得多。雌激素物质的身份尚不清楚。建议两种最有可能的可能性是乙炔雌二醇（源自医药用途）或烷基酚乙氧基化物 (APE)（源自污水处理过程中表面活性剂和清洁剂的生物降解）。对乙炔雌二醇效力的实验室研究表明，低至 1 至 10 ng 1−1 的水平即可产生笼养鱼所表现出的反应，并且阳性 反应可能会在 0.1 至 0.5 ng 1−1 时出现。关于 APE 效力的进一步研究正在进行中。
The occurrence of hermaphrodite fish in the lagoons of sewage treatment works led us to hypothesize that sewage effluent might contain a substance, or substances, estrogenic to fish. to test this hypothesis, we placed cages containing rainbow trout in the effluent from sewage-treatment works, and one to three weeks later measured the vitellogenin concentration in the plasma of the fish. Vitellogenin is a protein synthesized by the liver of oviparous fish in response to estradiol stimulation; it is then conveyed by the blood to the ovary, where it is sequestered by oocytes to form the yolk. Thus, the presence of vitellogenin in the plasma is indicative of estrogenic stimulation of the liver. an initial study, at a sewage-treatment works, showed that plasma vitellogenin concentrations rose rapidly and very markedly (over 1000-fold in three weeks) when trout were maintained in the effluent. an extensive nationwide survey was then conducted. Results were obtained from fifteen sewage-treatment works distributed throughout England. in all cases, exposure of trout to effluent resulted in a very pronounced increase (500 to 100,000-fold, depending on site) in the plasma vitellogenin concentration. Induction of vitellogenesis was also observed in carp, but to a much lesser extent than in trout.The identity of the estrogenic substance is unknown. It is suggested that the two most likely possibilities are ethynylestradiol, originating from pharmaceutical use, or alkylphenol-ethoxylates (APE), originating from the biodegradation of surfactants and detergents during sewage treatment.Laboratory studies on the potency of ethynylestradiol demonstrated that levels as low as 1 to 10 ng 1−1could generate the response shown by the caged fish and that positive responses may arise at 0.1 to 0.5 ng 1−1. Further work is in progress on the potency of APE.