Lidar System Architectures and Circuits
Lidar System Architectures and Circuits
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DOI：
10.1109/mcom.2017.1700030
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发表时间：
2017-10-01
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
Boser, Bernhard E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Behroozpour, Behnam;Sandborn, Phillip A. M.;Boser, Bernhard E.
3D成像技术应用于许多领域，包括自动驾驶汽车、无人机和机器人，以及先进的工业、医疗、科学和消费应用。3D成像通常通过找到物体或场景中多个点的距离，然后创建这些距离测量的点云来完成。可以使用不同的方法进行测距。其中一些方法，如立体视觉，依赖于处理2D图像。其他技术通过测量超声波或电磁波到物体的往返延迟来更直接地估计距离。超声波在空气中损失很大，不能到达几米以外的距离。雷达和激光雷达分别使用无线电和光学光谱中的电磁波。与射频波相比，光波的波长较短，可以转化为更好的分辨率，并且是3D成像的更有利选择。将激光雷达集成到电子和光子芯片上可以降低其成本，尺寸和功耗，使其能够负担得起并可用于所有上述应用。本文介绍了不同的激光雷达方面和设计选择，例如光学调制和检测技术，以及通过光束转向或闪烁整个场景生成点云。介绍了当前流行的激光雷达结构和电路，讨论了FMCW激光雷达在距离分辨率、接收机灵敏度和与新兴技术兼容性方面的优越性。最后给出了一个用于微成像FMCW激光雷达的电子-光子集成电路的实例。
3D imaging technologies are applied in numerous areas, including self-driving cars, drones, and robots, and in advanced industrial, medical, scientific, and consumer applications. 3D imaging is usually accomplished by finding the distance to multiple points on an object or in a scene, and then creating a point cloud of those range measurements. Different methods can be used for the ranging. Some of these methods, such as stereovision, rely on processing 2D images. Other techniques estimate the distance more directly by measuring the round-trip delay of an ultrasonic or electromagnetic wave to the object. Ultrasonic waves suffer large losses in air and cannot reach distances beyond a few meters. Radars and lidars use electromagnetic waves in radio and optical spectra, respectively. The shorter wavelengths of the optical waves compared to the radio frequency waves translates into better resolution, and a more favorable choice for 3D imaging. The integration of lidars on electronic and photonic chips can lower their cost, size, and power consumption, making them affordable and accessible to all the abovementioned applications. This review article explains different lidar aspects and design choices, such as optical modulation and detection techniques, and point cloud generation by means of beam-steering or flashing an entire scene. Popular lidar architectures and circuits are presented, and the superiority of the FMCW lidar is discussed in terms of range resolution, receiver sensitivity, and compatibility with emerging technologies. At the end, an electronic-photonic integrated circuit for a micro-imaging FMCW lidar is presented as an example.