COEVOLUTION - HETEROTYPIC SCHOOLING IN CARIBBEAN REEF FISHES
COEVOLUTION - HETEROTYPIC SCHOOLING IN CARIBBEAN REEF FISHES
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DOI：
10.1086/282823
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发表时间：
1973-01-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
EHRLICH, AH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
EHRLICH, PR;EHRLICH, AH
有大量的文献研究鱼群繁殖的机制和适应意义(Shaw 1970)，几乎全部涉及单种(同型)种群(Breder 1959)。1970年12月和1971年12月，在格林纳迪亚斯棕榈岛(李子岛)海岸附近的一个孤立的小珊瑚礁上观察和拍摄了广泛的异型(混合物种)种群。在晴朗和多云的天气下，珊瑚礁上的学校几乎全天保持静止。涉及的物种主要是黄色山羊鱼，Mulloidichthys martinicus(Cuvier和Valenieiernes)，法国石斑鱼，Haemrulon Huang olineaturm(Desmarest)和白色石斑鱼，但也存在其他种类的Haemnulon和一到两种Lutjanus(笛鱼)。该斑块礁的面积约为120RM2，顶部被水覆盖约2m，并在3~6m的深度与砂质底部相接，成群的位置和形式随着时间的推移逐渐变化，但密度中心一般分布在两个区域：相对较浅的礁肩周围和西南面近底部。这些鱼群可能是也可能不是严格意义上的异型鱼群(Shaw 1970)，而不是聚集在一起，因为社会吸引力还没有被实验证明。然而，外在环境因素似乎不太可能完全导致这种组合。每条鱼可能都在珊瑚礁上，因为它提供了躲避捕食的庇护所，但珊瑚中几乎没有撤退的地方，这些地方被锥虫Cephalopholis fulva(Linneeus)占据。此外，鱼在底物上并不是随机分布的，而是以不同的集群出现。没有观察到明显的诱饵，如食物来源，也没有能够集中鱼类的水的运动。尽管如此，未被发现的环境因素而不是社会行为可以解释观察到的分布。然而，至少可以肯定的是，物种之间是相互容忍的；没有种间排斥的迹象。
There is an extensive literature on the mechanisms and adaptive significance of schooliiig in fishes (Shaw 1970) which deals almost entirely with single-species (homotypic) schools (Breder 1959). In December 1970 and December 1971, extensive heterotypic (mixed-species) schooling was observed and photographed over a small isolated coral reef just off the shore of Palm (Prune) Island in the Grenadiiles. Schools remained virtually stationary over the reef throughout the entire day in both sunny and cloudy weather. Species involved were primarily yellow goatfishes, Mulloidichthys martinicus (Cuvier and Valenieiernes), French grunts, Haemrulon flavolineaturm (Desmarest), and white grunts, H. plumicri (Lace'pede), but other species of Haemnulon and one or two species of Lutjanus (snappers) were also present.Heterotypic schools were made up of several hundred relatively inactive fishes hanging over the seaward (western) side of an isolated" hill" of coral-Porites porites (Pallas)-surrounded by sandy bottom. This patch reef, occupying perhaps 120 Rm2, was covered at the top by about 2 m of water and interfaced with sandy bottom at a depth of 3-6 m. The position and form of the schools changed gradually in time, but centers of density were generally found in two areas: around a relatively shallow shoulder of the reef and near the base along the southwest face. These groups of fishes may or may not be heterotypic schools in the strict sense (Shaw 1970) rather than aggregations, since social attraction has not been experimentally demonstrated. It seems unlikely, however, that extrinsic environmental factors are solely responsible for the grouping. Each fish might be at the reef because it offered shelter from predation, but there were few retreats in the coral, and these were occupied by coneys, Cephalopholis fulva (Linnaeus). In addition, fishes were not spaced randomly over the substrate but occurred in distinct clusters. No obvious attractant, such as a food source, and no movement of water capable of concentrating fishes were observed. Nonetheless, undetected environmental factors rather than social behavior could explain the observed distribution. At the very least, however, it is certain that the species tolerate each other; there is no sign of interspecific repulsion.