Millennial-scale sustainability of the Chesapeake Bay Native American oyster fishery
Millennial-scale sustainability of the Chesapeake Bay Native American oyster fishery
复制标题
切萨皮克湾美洲原住民牡蛎渔业的千年规模可持续性
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1600019113
复制
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Hines
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Rick;Leslie A. Reeder;Courtney A. Hofman;D. Breitburg;R. Lockwood;G. Henkes;Lisa M. Kellogg;Darrin L. Lowery;M. Luckenbach;R. Mann;M. Ogburn;M. Southworth;J. Wah;J. Wesson;A. Hines
意义牡蛎是世界各地河口的重要生物，影响水质，建造栖息地，并为人类和野生动物提供食物。在经历了一个多世纪的过度捕捞、污染、疾病和栖息地退化之后，切萨皮克湾和其他地方的牡蛎数量急剧下降。尽管几千年来一直为人类提供食物，但在19世纪末历史上的捕鱼之前，我们对切萨皮克湾牡蛎的种群知之甚少。使用化石、考古和现代生物数据，我们重建了从更新世到人类收获前，史前美洲原住民占领和现代时期牡蛎大小的变化。这些数据证明了美洲原住民牡蛎渔业的可持续性，为切萨皮克湾和世界各地未来牡蛎的管理提供了洞察。在经历了几十年或更长时间的过度捕捞、污染和气候变化之后，世界各地的河口正处于衰退状态。牡蛎(Ostreidae)是许多河口的生态系统工程师，影响水质，建造栖息地，并为人类和野生动物提供食物。在北美的切萨皮克湾，曾经繁盛的东方牡蛎(Crassostrea Virgiica)的数量急剧下降，使它们的恢复和保护极具挑战性。在这里，我们展示了来自切萨皮克湾考古遗址的牡蛎大小和人类收获的数据，这些考古遗址跨越了美洲原住民、殖民地和历史占领的∼3500年。我们将考古遗址中的牡蛎与人类收获之前存在的更新世牡蛎礁、现代牡蛎礁以及世界各地人类收获牡蛎的其他记录进行了比较。美洲原住民的渔业主要集中在近岸牡蛎上，尽管全新世气候条件不断变化，海平面上升，但捕捞速度可能在几个世纪到几千年内都是可持续的。这些数据记录了美洲原住民长期收获、海平面上升和气候变化下牡蛎种群的复原力；为管理切萨皮克湾和世界其他地方的现代牡蛎渔业提供了背景；并展示了一种可广泛应用于其他渔业的跨学科方法。
Significance Oysters are important organisms in estuaries around the world, influencing water quality, constructing habitat, and providing food for humans and wildlife. Following over a century of overfishing, pollution, disease, and habitat degradation, oyster populations in the Chesapeake Bay and elsewhere have declined dramatically. Despite providing food for humans for millennia, we know little about Chesapeake Bay oyster populations prior to historical fishing in the late 1800s. Using fossil, archaeological, and modern biological data, we reconstruct changes in oyster size from the Pleistocene and prior to human harvest through prehistoric Native American occupation and modern times. These data demonstrate sustainability in the Native American oyster fishery, providing insight into the future management of oysters in the Chesapeake Bay and around the world. Estuaries around the world are in a state of decline following decades or more of overfishing, pollution, and climate change. Oysters (Ostreidae), ecosystem engineers in many estuaries, influence water quality, construct habitat, and provide food for humans and wildlife. In North America’s Chesapeake Bay, once-thriving eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) populations have declined dramatically, making their restoration and conservation extremely challenging. Here we present data on oyster size and human harvest from Chesapeake Bay archaeological sites spanning ∼3,500 y of Native American, colonial, and historical occupation. We compare oysters from archaeological sites with Pleistocene oyster reefs that existed before human harvest, modern oyster reefs, and other records of human oyster harvest from around the world. Native American fisheries were focused on nearshore oysters and were likely harvested at a rate that was sustainable over centuries to millennia, despite changing Holocene climatic conditions and sea-level rise. These data document resilience in oyster populations under long-term Native American harvest, sea-level rise, and climate change; provide context for managing modern oyster fisheries in the Chesapeake Bay and elsewhere around the world; and demonstrate an interdisciplinary approach that can be applied broadly to other fisheries.