Facemasks simple but powerful weapons to protect against COVID-19 spread: Can they have sides effects?
Facemasks simple but powerful weapons to protect against COVID-19 spread: Can they have sides effects?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103425
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发表时间：
2020-12
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Atangana A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Atangana E;Atangana A
在过去的几个月里，COVID-19在人类之间的传播在全球造成了严重损害，使许多国家的经济不稳定。流行病学家和病毒学家的研究结果表明，COVID-19主要通过呼吸道飞沫和口鼻传播给有症状的密切接触者，这是主要的传播方式。世界卫生组织规定，为了帮助阻止这种致命病毒的传播，在公共场合必须使用口罩等呼吸保护装置。事实上，在全球范围内使用这些口罩有助于减少COVID-19的传播。戴口罩的主要目的是避免吸入可能含有COVID-19飞沫的空气。我们应该注意到，呼吸过程是氧气从外部大气到组织内细胞的运动和二氧化碳在外部的运输。然而，使用口罩重新呼吸二氧化碳的问题并没有被考虑在内。高碳酸血症（过量吸入二氧化碳）已被认为与疲劳、不适、肌肉无力、头痛和困倦等症状有关。二氧化碳的再呼吸一直是使用口罩的一个关键问题。再呼吸通常发生在呼吸后，富含二氧化碳的过期空气在呼吸器的呼吸空间中停留的时间比正常时间长。动脉二氧化碳浓度升高导致上述症状。对口罩短缺和减少COVID-19传播所需的适当口罩进行了研究；然而，目前还没有进行研究来评估口罩吸入二氧化碳与减少冠状病毒传播之间的可能关系，以确定和推荐哪种口罩适合减少冠状病毒的传播，同时避免口罩使用者吸入二氧化碳。在本文中，我们提供了一个关于使用口罩的文献综述，目的是确定哪些口罩可以避免再次吸入被拒绝的二氧化碳。此外，我们提出了描述COVID-19通过高速风传播的数学模型。我们首先考虑了忽略空气非均质性影响的数学模型，即空气流动遵循具有延迟因子的马尔可夫过程，这些模型考虑了两种不同的情况，风速恒定且时空相关。其次，我们假设风的运动可以遵循不同的过程，包括幂律过程、衰落记忆过程和两阶段过程，这导致我们使用幂律微分算子、指数衰减和广义mittagg - leffler函数来捕捉这些过程。采用基于拉格朗日多项式插值的数值方法对其中一些模型进行了数值求解。在MATLAB软件中编写数值解进行仿真。数学模拟结果表明，风速为100 km/h时，液滴的传输距离可达300 m。从这些模拟中获得的结果以及其他研究人员提出的结果使我们得出结论，风可能有助于在世界各地的一些地方传播COVID-19，特别是在沿海地区。因此，每次在户外，即使是独自一人，特别是在多风的环境中，也应该使用适当的口罩，以帮助避免再次吸入足够的二氧化碳。
In the last few months, the spread of COVID-19 among humans has caused serious damages around the globe letting many countries economically unstable. Results obtained from conducted research by epidemiologists and virologists showed that, COVID-19 is mainly spread from symptomatic individuals to others who are in close contact via respiratory droplets, mouth and nose, which are the primary mode of transmission. World health organization regulations to help stop the spread of this deadly virus, indicated that, it is compulsory to utilize respiratory protective devices such as facemasks in the public. Indeed, the use of these facemasks around the globe has helped reduce the spread of COVID-19. The primary aim of facemasks, is to avoid inhaling air that could contain droplets with COVID-19. We should note that, respiration process is the movement of oxygen from external atmosphere to the cells within tissue and the transport of carbon dioxide outside. However, the rebreathing of carbon dioxide using a facemask has not been taken into consideration. The hypercapnia (excess inhaled content of CO2) has been recognized to be related to symptoms of fatigue, discomfort, muscular weakness, headaches as well as drowsiness. Rebreathing of CO2 has been a key to concern regarding the use of a facemask. Rebreathing usually occur when an expired air that is rich in CO2 stays long than normal in the breathing space of the respirator after a breath. The increase of the arterial CO2 concentration leads to symptoms that are aforementioned. Studies have been conducted on facemask shortages and on the appropriate facemask required to reduce the spread of COVID-19; however no study has been conducted to assess the possible relationship between CO2 inhalation due to facemask, to determine and recommend which mask is appropriate in the reduction of the spread of the coronavirus while simultaneously avoid CO2 inhalation by the facemask users. In the current paper, we provided a literature review on the use of facemasks with the aim to determine which facemasks could be used to avoid re-inhaling rejected CO2. Additionally, we presented mathematical models depicting the transport of COVID-19 spread through wind with high speed. We considered first mathematical models for which the effect air-heterogeneity is neglected, such that air flow follows Markovian process with a retardation factor, these models considered two different scenarios, the speed of wind is constant and time–space dependent. Secondly, we assumed that the wind movement could follow different processes, including the power law process, fading memory process and a two-stage processes, these lead us to use differential operators with power law, exponential decay and the generalized Mittag-Leffler function with the aim to capture these processes. A numerical technique based on the Lagrange polynomial interpolation was used to solve some of these models numerically. The numerical solutions were coded in MATLAB software for simulations. The results obtained from the mathematical simulation showed that a wind with speed of 100 km/h could transport droplets as far as 300 m. The results obtained from these simulations together with those presented by other researchers lead us to conclude that, the wind could have helped spread COVID-19 in some places around the world, especially in coastal areas. Therefore, appropriate facemasks that could help avoid re-inhaling enough CO2 should be used every time one is in open air even when alone especially in windy environment.