Influence of Application Method on Disinfectant Byproduct Formation during Indoor Bleach Cleaning: A Case Study on Phenol Chlorination
Influence of Application Method on Disinfectant Byproduct Formation during Indoor Bleach Cleaning: A Case Study on Phenol Chlorination
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DOI：
10.1021/acsestair.3c00011
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发表时间：
2023-11
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Leif G. Jahn;Nirvan Bhattacharyya;Daniel C. Blomdahl;Mengjia Tang;Pearl Abue;A. Novoselac;Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz;P. Misztal
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作者：
Leif G. Jahn;Nirvan Bhattacharyya;Daniel C. Blomdahl;Mengjia Tang;Pearl Abue;A. Novoselac;Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz;P. Misztal
现代消毒方法越来越多地利用液滴分散作为在室内空间内递送消毒剂的手段。这样的应用产生宽尺寸范围的液滴，其中一些液滴可以在空气中保持数分钟至数小时，同时充当小的反应环境。我们在这里报告的氯酚消毒副产物（DBPs）的形成过程中注入到环境室的漂白剂微滴。空气中微滴的这些反应是由苯酚的溶解和可用性驱动的，观察到的消毒副产物跨越了多代氯化化学。最初观察到代表氯连续加成到苯酚环的DBP（一氯苯酚、二氯苯酚和三氯苯酚），随后是缺乏芳香性的DBP（2，6-二氯苯醌和2，4，4，6-四氯-2，5-环己二烯酮等）。氯酚消毒副产物尚未报告在以前的工作检查室内漂白剂清洁，我们在这项工作中的观察到消毒剂微滴的分散，而不是传统的拖地或擦拭与散装水溶液在室内表面。空气中的微滴代表了独特的反应和挥发环境以及独特的暴露途径，通过直接吸入化合物以及吸入含DBP的微滴。观察到的消毒副产物（特别是2，6-二氯苯醌）以前曾通过直接毒性或作为具有不良健康影响的其他消毒副产物的前体而与人类的不良健康影响有关。这些测量结果表明，需要更多的工作来了解潜在的DBP形成和人体暴露在各种室内环境中，使用产生空气中微滴的消毒技术。
Modern disinfection methods increasingly utilize droplet dispersal as a means of delivering disinfectant within an indoor space. Such an application produces droplets over wide size ranges, some of which may remain airborne for minutes to hours while serving as small reaction environments. We report here the formation of chlorophenolic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during the injection of bleach microdroplets into an environmental chamber. These reactions within airborne microdroplets are driven by phenol dissolution and availability, and the observed DBPs span multiple generations of chlorination chemistry. DBPs representing successive chlorine addition to the phenol ring are initially observed (mono-, di-, and trichlorophenol), followed by DBPs that lack aromaticity (2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone and 2,4,4,6-tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadienone, among others). Chlorophenolic DBPs have not been reported during prior work examining indoor bleach cleaning and we attribute their observation in this work to the dispersal of disinfectant microdroplets rather than traditional mopping or wiping with a bulk aqueous solution on an indoor surface. Airborne microdroplets represent unique reaction and volatilization environments and unique exposure pathways to DBPs, via direct compound inhalation as well as the inhalation of DBP-containing microdroplets. The observed DBPs (particularly 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone) have previously been linked to adverse health effects in humans through either direct toxicity or as precursors to other DBPs with adverse health effects. These measurements suggest that more work is needed to understand potential DBP formation and human exposure within a variety of indoor environments where disinfection techniques that generate airborne microdroplets are used.