Anthrax: Where Margins are Merging between Emerging Threats and Bioterrorism
Anthrax: Where Margins are Merging between Emerging Threats and Bioterrorism
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DOI：
10.4103/ijd.ijd_378_17
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发表时间：
2017-09-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Chakraborty, Banya
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Banerjee, Dibyendu;Chakraborty, Baishali;Chakraborty, Banya
国家过敏和传染病研究所将所有新出现的传染病病原体分为三类。 A 类优先病原体包括炭疽杆菌——炭疽病的病原体。它是一种带有革兰氏阳性孢子的细菌，这种疾病通常与食草动物有关，并作为一种人畜共患病影响人类。该疾病通常可以通过三种途径传播，即：皮肤、胃肠道和肺部，第四种途径最近被确定为“注射炭疽”，见于静脉注射毒品滥用者。皮肤炭疽是人类最常见的形式，占所有病例的 95%。这种细菌有两种主要的毒力因子，荚膜和外毒素，每种都由单独的毒素携带。两种模型已用于解释这种感染的发病机制。早期的“特洛伊木马”模式现在已被“越狱”模式所取代。疾病控制中心 (CDC) 发布了最新的诊断、暴露后预防和治疗指南。对于免疫接种，可使用吸收的炭疽疫苗。
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases has classified all the emerging infectious diseases agents under three categories. Among Category A priority pathogens comes Bacillus anthracis - the causative agent of Anthrax. It is a gram positive spore bearing bacteria, and the disease is typically associated with grazing animals, and affects the people as a zoonosis. The disease can be classically transmitted by three routes namely: cutaneous, gastrointestinal and pulmonary, with a fourth route recently identified as "injection anthrax", seen in intravenous drug abusers. Cutaneous anthrax is the commonest form in humans, accounting for 95% of all the cases. There are two main virulence factors of this bacteria, a capsule and an exotoxin, each carried by a separate toxin. Two models have been used for explaining the pathogenesis of this infection. The earlier one or "Trojan horse" model is now replaced with "jail-break" model. Centers for disease control (CDC) has issued updated guidelines for diagnosis, post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment. For immunization, anthrax vaccine absorbed is available.