Environmental risk narratives in historical perspective: from early warnings to 'risk society' blame
Environmental risk narratives in historical perspective: from early warnings to 'risk society' blame
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历史视角下的环境风险叙事：从早期预警到“风险社会”指责
DOI：
10.1080/13669877.2018.1517383
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Burgess A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Burgess A
风险的“故事化”是一个重要但被忽视的维度，“核灾难论”等叙事有力地框定了经验，并获得了相当大的独立性，“本来可能的”与实际发生的真实的密不可分。本文建立在有限的早期风险叙事研究的基础上，重点关注其在美国和英国的历史发展。分析的出发点是，人们认识到风险是一种工具，它汇集了对各种威胁的认识、受到何种威胁以及今后如何补救的认识，而且越来越多地以过去的经验为基础。风险叙事的出现历史上与环境事件的公众影响的关注的增长，通过个人认识到这些世俗的条款，准备警告他人，后来，挑战否认机构责任。但是，环境风险的明确语言只出现在战后的美国，通过公众对氟化，农药和消费者安全的挑战，文章认为，我们可以大致区分“风险社会”的叙述与人为的威胁和企业和机构责任的假设，专注于受害者和指责他们的条件。然而，在核灾难的情况下，这种单一的重点对受害者本身的影响可能是有问题的。最后的建议是，如果要在风险沟通中使用叙事，它将需要更复杂的形式，而不仅仅是暴露风险，坚持指责和推断无限的伤害。
The ‘storying’ of risk is an important and neglected dimension and narratives such as ‘nuclear catastrophism’ have powerfully framed experience and acquired considerable independence, with ‘what might have been’ becoming inseparable from as real as what actually did. This article builds upon limited earlier risk narrative research, focusing upon their historical development in the United States and UK. Analysis proceeds from an understanding of risk as a tool that brings together an understanding of threats, what is threatened and how that might be remedied in the future, increasingly based upon past experience. Risk narratives emerge historically with the growth of concern for the public impact of environmental events, through individuals recognising these in secular terms, prepared to warn others and, later, challenge denial of institutional responsibility. But the explicit language of environmental risk only emerges in post-war America through public challenges to fluoridation, pesticides and consumer safety, the article arguing that we can approximately distinguish ‘risk society’ narratives concerned with human-made threat and an assumption of corporate and institutional responsibility, focused upon victims and blame for their condition. This singular focus can be problematic in its impact upon victims themselves in the case of nuclear catastrophism, however. A concluding suggestion is that if narrative is to be used in risk communication, it will require more sophisticated forms that go beyond only exposing risk, insisting upon blame and inferring limitless harm.