DECOLONIZATION BY REFERENDUM: THE ANOMALY OF NIGER AND THE FALL OF SAWABA, 1958–1959*
DECOLONIZATION BY REFERENDUM: THE ANOMALY OF NIGER AND THE FALL OF SAWABA, 1958–1959*
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通过公民投票实现非殖民化：尼日尔的反常现象和萨瓦巴的陷落，1958 年至 1959 年*
DOI：
10.1017/s0021853709990053
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Walraven
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Walraven
本文讨论1958年法国在尼日尔举行的公民投票，以获得第五共和国和重组帝国的批准。它重新评估了法国在尼日尔的记录，在尼日尔，除了几内亚之外，更多的人投了“不”票——支持立即独立。这是基于对萨瓦巴运动历史的研究，萨瓦巴运动领导了尼日尔的自治政府，直到全民公决。这表明法国强行干预了公投，以实现“赞成”投票，并在1960年独立后将尼日尔保留在其势力范围内。在详细描述公投的暴力和操纵及其后果时，文章批评了一种修正主义观点，该观点质疑法国干预的意义。该分析借鉴了对Sawaba运动的研究，受益于对20世纪50年代民族主义运动中基层力量的社会历史见解。它讨论了尼日尔公民投票的历史编纂与新的档案来源和回忆录的关系，并与其他领土，特别是几内亚进行了比较。它的结论是，法国在1958年的干预对于理解独立时代转型的长期后果至关重要。
ABSTRACT This article deals with the 1958 referendum that the French held in Niger to gain approval for the Fifth Republic and reorganization of their empire. It reassesses the French record in Niger, where more people voted ‘No’ – in favour of immediate independence – than in other territories, except Guinea. It does this on the basis of research on the history of the Sawaba movement, which led Niger's autonomous government until the plebisicite. It shows that the French forcibly intervened in the referendum to realize a ‘Yes’ vote and preserve Niger for their sphere of influence after independence in 1960. In detailing the violence and manipulation of the referendum and its aftermath, the article criticizes a revisionist viewpoint which disputed the significance of French intervention. The analysis draws on research on the Sawaba movement, benefiting from insights of social history into the grassroots forces in the nationalist movements of the 1950s. It discusses the historiography of Niger's referendum in relation to new archival sources and memoirs, drawing parallels with other territories, notably Guinea. It concludes that France's interventions in 1958 are crucial for understanding the long-term consequences of the transformations of the independence era.