Batesian mimics influence the evolution of conspicuousness in an aposematic salamander
Batesian mimics influence the evolution of conspicuousness in an aposematic salamander
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DOI：
10.1111/jeb.12622
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发表时间：
2015-05-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Adams, D. C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kraemer, A. C.;Serb, J. M.;Adams, D. C.
显眼，或相对于周围背景具有高对比度，是不好吃的物种的共同特征。已经提出了几种假说来解释显着性的发生，虽然大多数涉及显着性的作用，作为一个直接的信号，不可口的潜在的捕食者，一个假说认为，夸张的显着性可能会演变成不可口的物种，以减少捕食者的混淆可口的物种（潜在的拟食动物）。可口和不可口的物种之间的拮抗协同进化的假设取决于显着性的成本，其中显着性增加的可能性捕食可口的物种比在不可口的物种。在这种模仿的情况下，预计有四种模式：（一）模仿将更接近本地模型比模型从其他地方，（二）将有一个积极的关系之间的模仿和模型的显着性，（三）模型将更显着的存在的模仿，和（四）当模型和模仿不同的显着性，模仿将不那么明显比模型。我们测试了这些预测的蝾螈拟态系统，涉及Notophthalmus viridescens（模型）和一个颜色形态的Plethodon cinereus（模仿）。所有预测都得到了支持，这表明对贝氏拟态的选择不仅影响拟态的进化，也影响它们所相似的模型的进化。这些发现表明，模仿在模型警告信号的演变中起着重要作用，特别是影响显著性的演变。
Conspicuousness, or having high contrast relative to the surrounding background, is a common feature of unpalatable species. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the occurrence of conspicuousness, and while most involve the role of conspicuousness as a direct signal of unpalatability to potential predators, one hypothesis suggests that exaggerated conspicuousness may evolve in unpalatable species to reduce predator confusion with palatable species (potential Batesian mimics). This hypothesis of antagonistic coevolution between palatable and unpalatable species hinges on the cost of conspicuousness', in which conspicuousness increases the likelihood of predation more in palatable species than in unpalatable species. Under this mimicry scenario, four patterns are expected: (i) mimics will more closely resemble local models than models from other localities, (ii) there will be a positive relationship between mimic and model conspicuousness, (iii) models will be more conspicuous in the presence of mimics, and (iv) when models and mimics differ in conspicuousness, mimics will be less conspicuous than models. We tested these predictions in the salamander mimicry system involving Notophthalmus viridescens (model) and one colour morph of Plethodon cinereus (mimic). All predictions were supported, indicating that selection for Batesian mimicry not only influences the evolution of mimics, but also the evolution of the models they resemble. These findings indicate that mimicry plays a large role in the evolution of model warning signals, particularly influencing the evolution of conspicuousness.