Language switching in the bilingual brain: What's next?
Language switching in the bilingual brain: What's next?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.bandl.2008.12.005
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发表时间：
2009-05-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Hernandez, Arturo E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hernandez, Arturo E.
最近对早期双语者进行的功能性神经成像研究发现，在图片命名过程中，每种语言的神经系统都是独立的（Hernandez, a.e., Dapretto， M, Mazziotta， J., & Bookheimer， S.(2001)）。西班牙-英语双语者的语言转换和语言表征：一项功能磁共振成像研究。科学杂志14510 - 520)。然而，在图片命名过程中，早期双语者在语言之间的切换显示了背外侧前额叶皮层（DLPFC）的活动增加，这表明保持目标相关信息对于偏向后续反应选择的重要性（Braver， T. S., Batch， D. M., Kelley， W. M., Buckner， R. L., Cohen, n.j., Miezin， F. M.等，2001）。工作记忆和长期记忆任务所涉及的前额皮质区域的直接比较。神经影像杂志，14,48-59；科恩，j.d.，布拉弗，t.s.，和奥莱利，r.c.（1996）。前额皮质、认知控制和精神分裂症的计算方法：最近的发展和当前的挑战。伦敦皇家学会哲学汇刊系列b -生物科学，351,1515-1527；O'Reilly, r.c., Braver, t.s., & Cohen，J。d(1999)。基于生物学的工作记忆计算模型。在E. Akira Miyake， E. Priti Shah & et al.（主编），工作记忆模型：主动维持和执行控制的机制。（第375-411页）：美国纽约)。目前的研究开始使用图片命名范式来测试早期双语者。结果显示，与用单一语言命名图片相比，在语言转换过程中，DLPFC和顶叶上叶的活动增加。在早期学习第一语言和第二语言之间也观察到活动的增加。单一语言条件下的结果揭示了语言处理区域（如颞上回）的差异。然而，大脑中负责记忆、体感处理和情感的区域的活动也有所增加。综上所述，这些结果重复了之前关于语言转换的研究。他们还通过提出早期双语者对两种语言的表征可能是由通常与语言无关的神经系统介导的，从而扩展了对双语者神经基础的研究。文章最后展望了未来对双语者语言转换和单语处理的大脑基础的研究方向。(C) 2009年Elsevier Inc.出版。
Recent work using functional neuroimaging with early bilinguals has found little evidence for separate neural systems for each language during picture naming (Hernandez, A. E., Dapretto, M., Mazziotta, J., & Bookheimer, S. (2001). Language switching and language representation in Spanish-English bilinguals: An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 14,510-520). However, switching between languages in early bilinguals during picture naming shows increased activity in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) suggesting the importance of maintaining goal related information in order to bias subsequent response selection (Braver, T. S., Batch, D. M., Kelley, W. M., Buckner, R. L., Cohen, N.J., Miezin, F. M., et al. (2001). Direct comparison of prefrontal cortex regions engaged by working and long-term memory tasks. Neuroimage, 14, 48-59; Cohen, J. D., Braver, T. S., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1996). A computational approach to prefrontal cortex, cognitive control and schizophrenia: Recent developments and current challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Seiies B-Biological Sciences, 351, 1515-1527; O'Reilly, R. C., Braver, T. S., & Cohen,J. D. (1999). A biologically based computational model of working memory. In E. Akira Miyake, E. Priti Shah & et al. (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. (pp. 375-411): New York, NY, USA). The current study set out to test early bilinguals using a picture naming paradigm. Results revealed increased activity in the DLPFC and the superior parietal lobule during language switching compared to naming of pictures in a single language. Increased activity was also observed between early learned first and second languages. The results from single language conditions revealed differences in areas devoted to language processing such as the Superior Temporal Gyrus. However, increased activity in brain areas devoted to memory, somatosensory processing and emotion were also observed. Taken together these results replicate previous studies on language switching. They also extend studies on the neural bases of bilingualism by suggesting that early bilinguals' representation of the two languages may be mediated by neural systems not typically associated with language. The article ends by considering future directions in understanding the brain bases of language switching and single language processing in bilinguals. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.